STENOGRAPHIC 
I  WORD  LI  ST 


BUCKELEW  U  LEWIS 


NEW  YORK 


Isaac  Pitman  ^Sons 

31    UNION    SQUARE  WEST 


THE  LIBRARY 

OF 

THE  UNIVERSITY 

OF  CALIFORNIA 

LOS  ANGELES 


THE 

STENOGRAPHIC 
WORD    LIST 


FOR 


LESSONS  BASED  ON  THE 
ISAAC  PITMAN  SYSTEM 
OF  PHONIC  SHORTHAND 

BY 

SARAH  F.  BUCKELEW 

AND 

MARGARET  VV.  LEWIS 

OF  Public  School  No.  49,  Borough  of  Manhattan 
City  of  New  York 


NEW   YORK 

ISAAC    PITxMAN    &    SONS 

The  Phonographic  Dept.,  31   Union  Square,  West 


Copyright,  1904,  by 
Sarah  F.   Buckelew  and  Margaret  W.   Lewis 


t  t  c  ,  ct 
c  t  cc  *■  c 
t      c    c  t         c  c 


t  c  .t     t  *        t  ^  c  , 

*■  t    *■       '  V        I        * 


*  « 

•  « 
ff  • 


t  1  fc      t.    *■ 
*  *  *     *  *  » 


.  «•       *  fc     • 


Is 

>- 
?5 


CO 


kl 


3 


"What  I  desired  and  desire  was  not  to  teach  the 
world  any  new  art  or  science,  for  I  know  none,  but 
to  make  more  easy  for  the  people  at  large  the  mastery 
of  the  points  of  commencement  of  all  arts  and  sci- 
ences; ...  to  open  the  approaches  to  learning, 
which  are  the  approaches  to  Immanity." 

Pestalozzi. 

In  the  educational  world  of  to-day  it  is  generally 
conceded  that  the  study  of  Phonics  should  begin 
early  in  childhood.  It  is  also  well  known  that  noth- 
ing equals  this  drill  in  Americanizing  the  tongue  of 
the  children  and  adults  of  other  nationalities;  for 
by  this  Phonic  drill  the  ear  is  rendered  acute  to  de- 
tect the  elementary  sounds  of  words,  while  the  organs 
of  speech  become  flexible  and  produce  these  sounds 
correctly. 

The  lack  of  this  early  Phonic  drill  is  the  chief 
difficulty  which  confronts  the  beginner  in  Stenogra- 


448634 


Isaac  Pithan  &  Sons. 

SHORTHAND  &  EDUCATIONAL  PUBLISHERS, 
31   Union  Square  West, 

ne:w    YORK,  May  13,  1904, 


Kisaea  Sarah  P.  Buckelew  and  Margaret  W.  Lewis, 
Public  Sohool  No.  49, 

237  E.  37th  St.,  Kev/  York  City. 

We  have  exaialned  with  care  the  shorthand  con- 
tained in  the  "STENOGRAPHIC  WORD  LIST"  given  as  a  key  to 
the  correct  pronunciation,  and  find  that  it  is  in  ac- 
cordance with  the  twentieth  century  edition  of  the  Isaac 
Pitman  "Shorthand  Instn'.tor."  8«-  used  in  the  Public 
Schools  of  New  York. 

Wishing  you  evory  success,  we  are, 

Yours  yery  truly. 


iV) 


ISAAC  PITMAN  &  SONS. 


-^Vt^-m.  ^tA-'— ^ 


INTRODUCTION. 

The  following  exercises  have  been  prepared  to  aid 
students  in  Shorthand  to  spell  and  write  according  to 
sound.  The  words  have  been  carefully  selected  from 
Buckelew  and  Lewis'  "Phonic  Word  List,"  and  in- 
clude the  choicest  and  most  frequently  used  mono- 
syllables of  the  English  Language. 

The  Shorthand  Characters  are  from  the  pen  of  Dr. 
William  Hope,  President  of  the  Harlem  Commercial 
Institute,  New  York;  of  the  Eastern  Commercial 
Teachers'  Association,  and  Dean  of  the  National 
Association  of  Isaac  Pitman  Shorthand  Teachers. 

He  is  a  long  acknowledged  authority  on  Stenog- 
raphy, well  known  as  a  successful  practitioner  and 
instructor  of  Shorthand  and  all  branches  of  a  com- 
plete business  education. 

Dr.  Hope  was  a  highly  valued  co-laborer  with  Sir 
Isaac  Pitman,  and  he  is  the  only  person  in  the 
United  States  who  holds  a  personal  certificate  grant- 
ed by  that  honored  author  of  "The  Isaac  Pitman  Sys- 
tem of  Shorthand."  This  system,  unequaled  for 
brevity,  legibility  and  a  wide  range  of  literature 
printed  in  Shorthand,  is  the  standard  upon  which  is 
based  these  lessons  for  all  students  who  desire  to 
obtain  a  thorough  knowledge  of  Phonetic  Shorthand. 


INTRODUCTION, 

Such  students  will  surely  form  the  habit  of  con- 
sulting a  good  dictionary,  and  strive  to  become  thor- 
oughly familiar  with  accepted  standards  of  correct 
pronunciation.  As  writers  of  shorthand,  they  should 
likewise  be  well  acquainted  with  "Pitman's  Shorthand 
Dictionary." 

The  last  edition  of  this  invaluable  book  contains 
outlines  for  more  than  sixty  thousand  words  and  five 
thousand  proper  names.  These  outlines  are  recom- 
mended for  general  adoption,  as  the  most  facile  that 
appear  practicable.  They  conform  fully  to  the  rules 
and  teachings  of  the  "Isaac  Pitman  Shorthand  In- 
structor," the  ponular  text-book  of  the  system  adopted 
for  the  public  schools  of  Greater  New  York  and  other 
large  cities. 


COXTEXTS. 

PAGE. 

Quotation  from  Pestalozzi 3 

The  Pitman  Letter 4 

Introduction 5 

Shorthand  and  Kindred  Terms       ....  9 

Directions  for  \\'ritin*i-  Shortliaud  ....  10 

Consonants — Explanations  and  Alphabet    .       .  11 

Joined  Consonants 14 

Vowels  and  Diplithongs 16 

Sounds  of  A  and  Words 23 

Sounds  of  E  and  Words 31 

Sounds  of  I  and  Words 37 

Sounds  of  0  and  Words 42 

Sounds  of  U  and  Words 47 

Diphthongs  Oi,  0\v  and  Words      .       .       .       .  51 

Sentences.    Grammalogues  Explained  ...  53 

Consonant  Grammalogues 54 

Vowel    Grammalogues 55 

Sentences — Using  Grammalogues  ....  56 

A  Letter  in  Shorthand 57 

Circles  and  Loops 58 

Circle  S  Initial  Words 60 

Loop  St  Words 65 

Sw,  Str  and  Ses  Words 67 

Stroke  S  or  Z  and  Words 68 

Sentences — Using  Circles  and  Loops    ...  68 

Circle  and  Loop  Grammalogues     ....  70 

Words  for  Sliorthand  Ecviow 71 

7 


CONTENTS 


The  PI  and  Pr  Hook  Table      . 

Double  Consonants  Explained 

PI  Hook  Words    .       .       . 

Pr  Hook  Words  .       .       . 

PI  and  Pr  Graramalogues 

Sentences  for  Shorthand  . 

Final  Hook  Consonant  Table 

Final  F  or  V  Hook  and  Word 

Final  N  Hook  and  Words 

Sentences  for  Shorthand  . 

Eeview — Hooked  Consonants 

The  -Tion  Hook  .       .       . 

Final  Hook  Grammalogues 

Additional  Consonants  and  Words 

The  Aspirate  and  Words  . 

The  Halving  Principle,  Table  and 

Half-TA'ngth    Grammalognes 

The  Double-Length  Principle  and  Words 

Vocalization  of  PI  and  Pr,  and  Words  . 

W  and  Y  Diphthongs,  Table  and  Words 

Ith,  Thee  and  Thr  Words  .... 

Dissyllabic  Diphthongs,  Table  and  Words 

Consonant  Substitutes       .... 

About  Shorthand  and  Typewriting 

Proverbs  and  Quotations  .... 


Words 


PAGE. 

T3 

73 

76 

78 

83 

84 

85 

8G 

89 

86 

95, 

96 

97 

98 

102 

105 

115 

116 

118 

120 

123 

124 

126 

127 

128 


SHORTHAND,  STENOGRAPHY,  PHONOGRA- 
PHY, PHONETICS  OR  PHONICS,  PHO- 
NETIC SHORTHAND. 

Shorthand  is  the  English  word  for  any  system  of 
writing  that  enables  us  to  put  down  words  by  fewer 
muscular  movements  than  are  necessary  to  write  the 
same  in  ordinary  script  or  longhand. 

StenogRxVphy — from  Greek  steno,  short,  narrow — 
and  graphy,  writing — is  any  system  which  uses  ar- 
bitrary signs  or  symbols. 

Phonography.  Any  system  which  uses  signs 
(generally  brief)  for  the  consonants  and  vowels,  each 
character  representing  a  sound.  This  term  was  used 
by  Isaac  I'itman  to  describe  the  system  of  which  he 
was  the  inventor.  In  this  system  strokes  and  curves 
represent  the  consonants,  dots  and  dashes  the  vowels. 

Phonetics  or  Phonics — from  the  Greek  phone, 
sound — ,  spelling  by  sound.  We  speak  of  the  science 
of  Phonetics  and  the  art  of  Phonography. 

This  book  is  intended  to  teach  Phonetic  Shorthand. 
For  this  purpose  the  word,  its  phonic  form,  and  its 
shorthand  characters  are  given  to  make  the  learner 
familiar  with  the  method  of  spelling  and  writing  by 
sound. 


DIRECTIONS 

FOR  WRITING  SHORTHAND 

The  beginner  should  always  use  a  pen  and  ruled 
paper  in  writing  exercises,  and  in  all  practice  work. 
The  experienced  writer  may  use  either  pen  or  pencil. 

The  pen  should  be  held  as  for  longhand ;  the  elbow 
should  be  bent  outward,  so  that  the  shorthand  stroke 
for  B  may  be  written  with  ease.  The  forearm^  not 
the  wrist,  should  rest  on  the  desk  or  book. 

To  write  accurately  and  neatly,  should  be  the  first 
aim,  so  that  what  has  been  written  may  be  easily 
read  by  the  writer  and  others.  This  accomj^lished, 
the  student  may  practice  for  speed. 

Each  principle  should  be  thoroughly  mastered  be- 
fore imdertaking  new  work.  "Make  haste  slowlv" 
is  a  good  motto  to  observe.  Practicing  a  half  hour 
every  day  will  give  better  results  than  j^racticing  a 
half  day  once  a  week. 

"No  such  word  as  fail,"  and  "Patience  and  perse- 
verance overcome  all  difficulties,"  are  two  excellent 
mottoes  for  all  who  are  educating  the  eye,  ear,  hand 
and  brain,  and  becoming  acquainted  with  the  Eng- 
lish language,  bv  the  studv  of  Stenographv. 

10 


CONSONANTS. 

Thn  first  sixteen  of  the  consonants  are  in  pairs,  a 
light  and  a  heavy  stroke,  to  represent  a  light  and  a 
heavy  sound ;  p,  b ;  t,  d. 

The  learner  must  pronounce  the  phonetic  name  of 
the  shorthand  letters  as  it  is  written ;  ch,  is  chay,  not 
see-aitch.  In  reading,  the  sound,  not  the  name  of  the 
letter,  should  be  given. 

HOW    \VRITTKN 

Consonant  strokes  should  be  about  one-sixth  of  an 
inch  in  length. 

Horizontal  letters  are  written  from  left  to  right 
on  the  line.  Perpendicular  letters  are  written  down- 
ward, resting  on  the  line.  Sloping  letters  are  writ- 
ten do^ynward  to  the  line,  except  Lay,  Ray,  Way,  Yea, 
and  Hay.  These  five  letters  are  written  with  an  up- 
stroke. 

All  downward  letters  are  written  at  an  angle  of 
lorty-five  degrees,  except  ch,  j,  and  downward  h, 
which  are  written  at  an  angle  of  sixty  degrees.  Up- 
ward r,  w,  and  y  are  written  at  an  angle  of  thirty 
degrees. 

The  letter  I,  when  standing  alone,  is  written  up- 
ward, and  sh,  when  alone,  is  written  downward. 

Care  should  be  taken  in  forming  the  curved  thick 
letters  when  standing  alone.  They  should  be  thick 
in  the  middle  and  taper  at  the  ends,  except  when 
joined  to  a  thick  letter,  as  t;  to  ^  in  vague. 

Note  that  stroke  s  is  the  curve  on  the  right  side 
of  small  script  letter  s.  L  and  r  form  the  left  and 
right  sides  of  an  arch. 

11 


Consonants 


Straight  Strokes 


Xame 

Sio-n 

For 

As 

in 

Pee 

\ 

P 

nip 

pen 

Bee 

\ 

1 

B 

nib 

bin 

Tee 

T 

knit 

tin 

Dee 

D 

bed 

din 

Chay 

/ 

CH 

each 

chin 

Jay 

/ 

J 

edge 

jay 

Kay 

K 

lake 

key 

Gay 

~— 

G 

bag 

gay 

Sloping  and 

IJpRiGnT  Curves 

Name 

Sign 

For 

As 

in 

Ef 

V^ 

F 

safe 

fix 

Vee 

^ 

/ 

V 

save 

vex 

Ith 

( 

TH 

both 

thin 

Thee 

( 

TH 

with 

then 

Es 

) 

S 

hiss 

seal 

Zee 

) 

z 

his 

zeal 

Ish 

J 

SH 

dish 

she 

Zhee 

-> 

y 

ZH 

azure 

visio 

1-^ 


(CONSONANTS 


Horizontal  Curves,  Etc. 


Kamo         Sii>-n 

For 

Em           "■  -^ 

M 

En            

N 

I"g          ^^ 

NG 

Lay          (^^ 

L 

Ar,  Uay"^    / 

'  R 

Way          <^ 

AV 

Yay           ^ 

Y 

As  in 


Hay,  Aitcli 


^/ 


H 


seem 

seen 

long 

fall 

far 

away 

ayah 

hack 


mate 

note 

anger 

life 

rate 

wade 

yell 

head ' 


Additional  Consonant  Signs 


^ISI 


Name 

Kway  C — 

Guay  C— 

Wei  ^ 

Whel  C 

Ler  (^ 

Rer  "^ 

Emp,  Emb  ^ 

Whay  (^  VVH 


For 

KAV 

GW 

WL 

WHL 

LR 

RR 

MP,  MB 


As  in 


13 


queen 

guava 

wail 

whale 

ruler 

parer 

tramp 

where 


equip 

gwan 

wool 

while 

paler 

darer 

ambush 

whisk 


JOINED  CONSONANTS. 

The  pen  should  not  be  lifted  when  joining  conso- 
nants. The  second  stroke  begins  where  the  first  ends, 
and  so  on. 

Consonants,  except  /,  and  sh,  when  joined  are  writ- 
ten in  the  same  direction  as  when  standing  alone — 
down  strokes  downward,  and  up  strokes  upward; 
horizontal  strokes  from  left  to  right. 

L  and  sli  when  joined  to  other  consonants  may  be 
written  upward  or  downward. 

Ch  is  written  downward,  r  is  written  upward. 
When  these  letters  stand  alone  ch  slants  from  the  per- 
pendicular, r,  from  the  horizontal.  When  they  are 
joined  to  other  letters  they  are  distinguished  by  the 
direction  of  the  stroke.  The  amount  of  sloping  is  of 
little  consequence. 

1.  The  first  of  two  descending  strokes  should  rest 
on  the  line ;  bt,  t-ch,  ft,  ch-p,  p-th,  ptk,  jkd. 

2.  When  a  straight  stroke  is  doubled  there  should 
be  no  break  between  the  two  letters;  pp,  bb,  ch-ch, 
td,  dt,  j-ch,  kk,  gg. 

3.  The  first  of  two  ascending  letters  begins  on  the 
line ;  wk,  11,  Ir,  rl,  wr,  yr,  hr,  Ip,  yip. 

4.  A  horizontal  letter  followed  by  a  descending 
stroke  is  written  above  the  line,  so  that  the  down 
stroke  may  rest  on  the  line ;  kp,  kd,  kj,  kf ,  nd,  m-sh, 
m-th,  ns,  n-sh. 

5.  A  horizontal  stroke  followed  by  an  ascending 
stroke  is  written  on  the  line;  mr,  ml,  kl,  kr,  kw,  nr, 
nlj,  mlr. 

14 


Exercises 


1.  bd         tp         ft        ch-p        p-th         ptk        jkd 


2.  pp         bb        kk  t(l 


3.  Ip 


Ir         \vr     ,    ^\K 


dt 


yi' 


gg      eh-ch 


11  yip 


4.  ki         e;p  k-ch  m-ch  ns  nd  n-sh 

n  ^  V  7  ^  ^  y 

5.  kl          kr  ml  kw  nrj  inlt 
G.  mm  sli-sh       11  ss  rr  ff  nn 


7.  Im        lin         Ik 


S.  pi  Id         If  fl 

NT  r\ 

0.  sh-m    sh-f     sh-1        l-sh 


10.  lb 
IJ.  lb 


Vg 


1-g 


r-th        iw 


I'V  il 


Ir         jM-  li 


1- 


ng 


fl 
sh-th 
r-ch 


rp 


In 


dl 

v- 

sh-d 
rm 


tl 


\r 


nl 

sh-r 


rd 


rm  rn 


Ir  '         kr  kr 


15 


THE  LONG  VOWELS. 

There  are  six  simple  long  vowels  in  the  English 
language  as  heard  in  the  words,  alms,  ate,  eve,  all, 
ode,  ooze.  The  order  in  which  they  are  placed  will 
be  recalled  by  the  words :  "Pa,  may  we  all  go  too  ?" 

The  first  three  long  vowels  are  represented  by  a 
heavy  dot,  placed  at  the  beginning,  middle  or  end  of 
a  consonant.  The  last  three  are  indicated  by  a  heavy 
dash  in  the  same  three  positions. 

Each  vowel  has  its  own  place,  at  the  beginning, 
middle  or  end  of  a  consonant  stroke.  Those  placed 
at  the  beginning  are  named  first-place  vowels ;  at  the 
middle,  second-place  vowels;  at  the  end,  ihircl-place 
vowels. 

The  beginning  of  the  consonant  is  always  the  posi- 
tion of  a  first-place  vowel,  whether  the  consonant  be 
written  upward  or  downward. 

The  clots  and  dashes  representing  vowels  must  not 
touch  the  consonant  strokes.  A  dash-vowel  may  be 
written  at  any  angle  that  is  distinct,  but  usually  at 
a  right  angle. 

HOW  READ. 

A  vowel  placed  on  the  left  of  a  perpendicular  or 
sloping  consonant,  or  above  a  horizontal  consonant 
should  always  be  read  first.  A  vowel  placed  on  the 
right  of  a  perpendicular  or  sloping  consonant,  or 
after  a  horizontal  consonant  should  be  read  last. 

THE  SHORT  VOWELS. 

There  are  six  short  vowels,  represented  by  dots 
and  dashes  similar  to  these  used  by  the  long  vowels 
but  made  light.  They  are  named :  at,  et,  it,  ot,  ut, 
oot.  Their  order  may  be  remembered  by  the  words: 
"That  pen  is  not  much  good." 

IG 


Table  of  Vowels 


^.. 


^A. 


Naiiu>  Sign 


Ah 
Eh 
Ee       • 

Aw 

Oh       - 
Oo       - 

At 
Et 
It 

Ot 

Ut 
Got 


Description 

Tionir   Vmvols 
First  phice  lioavy  dot. 
Second  phic(5  lieavy  dot. 
Thii'd  phice  heavy  dot. 

First  place  heavy  dash. 
Second  phice  heavy  dash. 
Third  ])hice  heavy  dash. 

Sliort  Vowels 
First  place  light  dot. 
Second  ])lace  light  dot. 
Third  place  light  dot. 

First  place  light  dash. 
Second  place  light  dash. 
Third  place  light  dash. 


X 


LI 


For 

As  in 

a 

Pa 

a 

may 

e 

we 

a 

all 

0 

go 

0 

too 

a 

That 

e 

pen 

1 

is 

0 

not 

u 

much 

u 

good 

V-   -^ 


c   r 


r  )- 


L 


17 


Position  of  Vowels 


Before  a  Consonant 


After  a  Consonant 


\ 


2-  3 


Vowels  between  Two  Consonants 


A.  /TTn 


Long  Vowels 

First  place  and  second  place  long  vowels  are  wiitten 
after  the  first  consonant. 

Third  place  long  vowels  are  wi-itten  before  the 
second  consonant. 


z     3 


z  3   /i 


Short  Vowels 

First  place  and  third  place  short  vowels  take  the 
same  position  as  first  and  third  place  long  vowels. 

Second  place  short  vowels  are  written  before  the 
second  consonant. 


18 


Rule  roii  Two  Vowels. 
When  two  sin.iilo  vowels,  or  a  sin^^lo  vowol  nnd  a 
(1i|ilitlHUi,i;-,  coiiif  lictwccii  two  ,-li-nkc  (•oiisoiiiints,  placf! 
racli.    il'   iinssililc.   a,i;-ainst    llir  cniisdiiaiit,   tn   wliicli   it 
belongs,  as   in   such    words   as    Louisa,  diary,  suet. 

POSITION   OF   WORDS 

Words  are  written  ahove,  on,  or  through  the  line, 
according  as  they  have  a  first,  second,  or  third  ])laco 
vowel.     See  the  Sliorthand  Letter  on  page  5T. 
Suggestive  Questions. 

What  is  meant  by  Shorthand?  Stenography? 
Phonography?    Phonetics,  or  Phonics? 

How  are  consonants  represented  in  Shorthand? 
How  are  the  horizontal  letters  written?  The  per- 
pendicular letters  ?     The  sloping  letters  ? 

Which  letters  arc  always  written  with  an  upstroke  ? 
Which  are  sometimes  written  with  an  upstroke?  At 
what  angle  are  the  downstrokes  written?  The  up- 
strokes? How  are  I  and  sli  written  when  standing 
alone?  How  are  upward  r  and  cli  distinguished 
from  each  other? 

Give  the  rule  for  joining  consonant  letters.  In 
what  direction  should  they  be  written?  How  may 
I  and  sli  be  written  when  joined  to  other  consonants  ? 
Give  the  rule  for  joining  two  descending  strokes; 
two  ascending  strokes.  Give  the  rule  for  writing  a 
horizontal  stroke,  followed  by  a  descending  stroke; 
for  writing  a  horizontal,  followed  by  an  ascending 
stroke. 

Note.  In  the  following  pages,  space  can  not  be 
afforded  for  questions;  the  earnest  student  will  find 
it  profitable  lo  sup])lv  this  necessary  omission. 

19 


DIPHTHONGS. 

Small  acute  angles  are  used  to  represent  the  diph- 
thongs or  double  vowels  heard  in  the  words  ice,  owl 
and  boy;  a  very  small  semicircle  stands  for  u  in  due ; 
and  a  very  small  right  angle  for  the  triphthong  wi 
in  wide. 

The  signs  for  i,  ow,  and  wi  are  written  in  the  first, 
second  or  third  place,  as  may  be  most  convenient. 

The  sign  for  oi  is  always  written  in  the  first  place; 
and  the  sign  for  u  in  the  third  place. 

/  and  wi  at  the  beginning  of  words  should  be 
Joined  to  the  first  consonant,  whenever  convenient; 
as  in  ice,  ivy,  idle;  wife,  white, 

Ow  and  oi  may  be  joined  initially  to  upward  1; 
owl,  oil. 

Ow  and  the  diphthong  u  may  be  joined  finally  to 
a  downstroke;  bough,  few. 

After  the  consonant  n  the  diphthong  u  may  be 
joined  as  in  new;  the  diphthong  ow,  as  in  now;  and 
the  diphthong  i  as  in  nigh. 

Diphthong  i  must  not  be  confused  with  the  short 
or  second  sound  of  i;  diphthong  u  with  the  short 
sound  of  u;  ou  and  ow  with  the  sound  of  o. 

UPWARD  AND  DOWNWARD  L  AND  R. 

L.  Initial  L  is  generally  written  upward;  lame, 
live.  Final  L  is  generally  written  upward;  folly, 
fully. 

E.  Initial  R  is  generally  written  downward  when 
preceded  by  a  vowel,  and  upward  when  followed  by 
a  vowel ;  rail,  rang,  read ;  oar,  arm,  early. 

Final  R  is  written  downward  when  it  is  the  final 
sound,  and  upward  when  it  is  followed  by  a  vowel; 
jeer,  jury ;  car,  carry ;  tare,  tarry. 

20 


DlPHTnONGS 


Name     Si^n  Description 

^:^ ^The  V-like  angle. 


For       As  in 


Ei 


Ow_ 

Oi_ 


js The  A-like  angle. 


^ 


IlL 


WL 


u 


tie       IV 
isle^/j^  ^ 
time   ^-^^ 
owl     ( 

out  a' 
cow  -^^ 
boy  \ 

foil  r 


_The  first-place  angle. 
_Tlie  third-place  curve. 

Triphthong 
_The  right  angle. 

Examples 

mew  ''-^ 

cure         ^ 
wife     v_    ^^ 
wide    I     ^1 
ivy  "V:     ^ 

new  ^—^  —^ 
now  ^-^  ^ — ^ 
nigh  ^"""^ 

U     r     1 


1  ice 

ow        cow 
oi,  oy   boy 


u 


Wl 


you 


wife 


.^ 


bite 

bit 

tube 

tub 

rout      ^1 

rot6/M 

)- 


sow 
sow 


"TV" 


< 


^ 


-<]  \ )-        v*^ 


<: 


Y     \r- 


^ 


u 


V 


j!^i^ 


J^ 


j:x. 


SOUNDS    OF   A 

First  Sound 

Long  a  as  in  mate,  marked  a 

ai  in  sail  ay  in  may  ei  in  feign 

au  in  gauge  ea  in  great  ey  in  they 

Second    Sound 

Short  a  as  in  at,  marked  a 
ai  in  plaid  ua  in  guaranty 

Third  Sound 

Flat  or  Italian  a  as  in  arm,  marked  ii 

au  in  daimt  ua  in  guard  ea  in  heart 

Fourth   Sound 
Broad  or  German  a  as  in  all,  marked  a 


au  in 

cause 

eo  in  George 

0  in  horn 

aw  in 

paw 

oa  in  broad 

Fifth  Sound 
a  as  in  asli,  marked  a 

ou  in  sought 

staff 

pass                     task 

chant 

graft 

last                    gasp 

lance 

Sixth  Sound 
a  before  r  as  in  care,  marked  A 

ai  in  hair  ei  in  their 

ea  in  bear  e  in  where 

32 


AVoRDs  Having  the  First  Sound  of  A 
Second  place  heavy  dot 

bay    ba      \                         laid    lad  ^ 

bey    ba      N                       paid    pad  ^ 

day    da     I*                         raid    rad  ''^ 

fay    fa       ^                      wade    wad  -^ 

gay    gii     _j_               weighed    wad  "^ 
hay    ha      /•                    shade   shad 


aid   ad       'I  shake   shak 

fade    fad     ^  ail   al 

lade   lad     ,    ''  I  ale   al 


t 


jay  J  a  A  vague  vag 

lay  la  /^  age  aj  / 

may  ma  .^  gage  gaj  "y 

nay  na  ^_^  gauge  gaj  "7 

neigh  na  v — .  cage  kaj  "7 

nee  na  v_^  P^ge  paj  X 

pay  pa  \  rage  raj  -^ 

ray  ra  -^  wage  waj  <^ 

re  la  ^  ache  ak  -^_ 

say  sa  )•  bake  bak  \ 

way  wa  ^  cake  kak  -j — 

weigh  wa  <y^  lake  lak  (* 

yea  ya  '^'  make  mak 

they  tha  v!  rake  rak 

babe  bab  \^  take  tak 


33 


/ 


bail 

bale 

dale 

fail 

gale 

jail 

male 

mail 

nail 

pail 

pale 

rail 

tail 

tale 

vail 

vale 

veil 

aim 

game 

came 

lame 

maim 

name 

tame 


Words  Having  the  First  Sound  of  A 
Second  place  heavy  dot 

\/^  aue   ao       "^ 


bal 

bal 

dal 

fal 

gal 

jal 

mal 

mal 

nal 

pal 

pal 

ral 

tal 

tal 

val 

val 

val 

am 

gam 

kam 

lam 

mam 

nam 

tarn 


A~ 


ape   ap 
cape   kap 
nape   nap 
tape   tap 
shape   shap 
ace  as 
ate  at 
eight  at 
bate   bat 
bait   bat 
gate  gat 
gait  gat 
rate   rat 
lave   lav 
nave   nav 
knave   nav 
shave   shav 
aitch   ach 
faith   fath 
bathe   bath 
lathe   lath 
eightJi   atth 
range    ranj 
change   chanj. 


"X 


^< 


•I 


"n 


^ 


34 


Words  Having 
First 


THE  Second  Sound  of  A 

place  light  dot 

lack  lak         • 

pack  pak       \ 

rack  rak       -^ 

wrack  rak        /^ 

tack  tak 

yak  yak 

shall  shal 

am  am 

dam  dam 

damn  dam 

jam  jam 

jamb  jam 

lamb  lam 

ram  ram 

yam  yam 

sham  sham 

an  an 

Ann  an 

gap  gap 

cap  kap 

lap  lap 

map  map 

nap  nap    • 

pap  pap 


r\ 


25 


WOUDS  HaVIiXG 

First 

rap  rap 

wrap  rap. 

tap  tap 

chap  chap 

at  at 

bat  bat 

i-at  rat 

vat  vat 

batch  bach 

halt'h  liach 

catch  Ifaohi 

latch  hich 

match  inach 

patch  paclj 

ash  asli 

dasti  dash 

gasli  gash 


s 

> 

V 


THE  Second  Sound  of  A 
place  light  dot 

hash    hash        <y 

cash    kash       ^~Z) 

lash    lash  y 

mash    mash       '  J) 

gnash    nash        '^ 

rash    rash        -^ 

bang   bang      \-^ 

fang   fang        ^ 

gang   gang 

hang   hang 

pang   pang 

bank    baugk 

rank    rangk 

tank    tangk 
shank    shangk 
thank    thangk 

tack   tak 


Stenographers    place  all  words,  having   the   sound 
of  a  in  ask,  under  the  second  or  short  sound  of  a,  as 


in  the  following  words: 


caclie    kaslL 
bath    b 


ath      V 
lath    lath         ^^ 


ask    ask 

asp    asp 
rajich    ranch 


•}_ 


8fi 


Words  Having  the  Third  Soum»  of  A 
First  place  heavy  dot 

baa    ba      \ 


bah    ba  \ 

fa   fe  C 

la    hi  C^ 

ma    ma  - — ■ 

• 

pa   pa  \ 

za  za^  / 


shafi  sha  r^ ' 

laugh  laf  /TV. 

aam  am  ^— v. 

balm  bam  "V— 

calm  kam 

palm  pam 

launch  lanch  'C 


This  flat  or  Italian  r/,  when  followed  by  r,  is 
represented  by  the  first  place  light  dot,  instead  of 
the  first  place  heavy  dot.  See  pages  29  and  30  for 
examples  of  "  Vowels  before  R." 


^ 


^    K    ^ 


/^ 


Ji 


^A- 


^ 


^ 


^ 


-<1       l_      ^    ^    ^ 


tl 


o 


^ 


•^ 


^ 


(.    ^ 


£L 


\ 


X     ^_I 


xr    V 


>    <^     ^ 


^ 


^ 


r 


f 


27 


daw 

haw 

jaw 

caw 

law 

maw 

c;naw 

paw 

raw 

saw 

taw 

yaw 

cliaw 

sliaw 

pshaw 

thaw 

daub 

auk 

balk 

,i!;awk 

hawk 

calk 

talk 

chalk 


Words  Having  the  Fourth  Sound 
First  place  heavy  dash 

r    ~ 


of  a 


da 
ha 

j^ 
ka 

la 

ma 

na 

pa 

ra 

sa 

ta 

ya 

cha 

sha 

sha 

tha 

dab 

ak 

bnk 

gak 

hak 

kak 

tak 

chak 


/- 

I 

C 


r 
J- 


Zi 


z: 


all  al 

awl  al 

ball  bal 

bawl  bal 

fall  fal 

gall  gal 

Gaul  Gal 

call  kal 

caul  kal 

mall  ma  I 

maul  mal 

Paul  Pal 

pall  pal 

tall  tal 

yawl  yal 

sliawl  shal 

gaum  gam 

malm  mam 

shawm  sham 

awn  an 

aught  at 

ought  at 

bought  bat 

ghaut  gat 


^ 


V 


xn/ 


.<n/ 


n 


28 


Vowels  before  R 


baij    V^ 

charj        ^ 

garj 

erj       >7      // 


VoWKI.S    I5EF0RE    R 


purge    peij     ^^^^      ^^^  '""'    l'<'il 


verge    verj 
ark    aik 
are    ark 


bark  bark    \y^ 

barque  bark     \y^ 

lark  laik 

mark  mark 

marque  uiai'k 

park  paik 

kirk  kerlc 

lurk  lerk 

clerk  klerk 

cork  kark 

fork  t'ark 

-      )' 


r\ 


twirl  tAverl 

ai-m  arm 

(arm  fiu'iii 

form  farm 

fii-m  fei-m 

harp  harp 

arch  arch 

larch  larch 

march  march 

parch  parch 

torch  tarcli 

inch  lurch 

march  maich 

marsh  marsh 


/^ 


) 


i 


rY 


i 4 


(• 


^ 


~L^ 


~y 


V 


30 


SOUNDS    OF    K 

First  Sound 

Long  c  as  in  me,  marked  e 

oa  in  weak  ey  in  key 

ei  in  seize  i  in  pique 

eo  in  people  ie  in  brief 

Second  Sound 

Short  e  as  in  met,  marked  e 
a  in  any  eo  in  leopard 

ai  in  said  ie  in  friend 

ay  in  says  ue  in  guess 

ea  in  dead  n   in  l)nry 

ei  in  heifer 

Third  Sound 

e  before  r  as  in  lier,  marked  e 

e  in  ever  i  in  bird 

e  in  fern  i  m  sir 


31 


be 
bee 
Dee 
fee 
he 
gee 
key 

quay 
lee 
lea 
nie 
mi 

knee 
pea 
sea 
see 
si 
tea 
tee 
we 

wee 

ye 

.she 
the 


Words  Havin 
Third 

\. 
\. 

I. 

/ 


be 

be 

Be 

fe 

he 

je 

ke 

ke 

le 

le 

me 

me 

lie 

pe 

se 

se 

se 

te 

le 

we 

we 

ye 

8h& 
the 


• 


). 


J 

K.*  /rt/ 


G  THE  First  Sound  of  "E 
place  heavy  dot 

thee  the        v* 

feed  fed        L, 

heed  hed 

lead  led 

read  red 

reed  red 

weed  wed 

leaf  lef 

lief  lef 

meal  mel 

sheaf  shef 

thief  thef 

league  leg 

liege  lej 

tige  tej 

eke  ek 

beak  bek 

leak  lek 

leek  lek 

meek  mek 

peak  pek 

peek  pek 

pique  pek 

reek  rek 


V 
\ 


32 


Words  Havin 
Third 


o  THE  First  Sound 
place  heavy  dot 


OF  E 


wreak 

teak 

cheek 

sheik 

eel 

beal 

deal 

feel 

keel 

leal 

meal 

kneel 

peal 

peel 

reel 

teal 

teil 

teel 

veal 

zeal 

beam 

deem 

deme 

leam 


ream    rem 

reim    rem 

teem    tem 

team   tem 

theme    them 

e'en    en 

deep   dep 

heap   hep 

keep   kep 

leap    lep 

neap    nep 

peep    pep 

reap   rep 

weep   wep 

cheap   chep 

sheep   shep 

ear   er 

ere   er 

beer   ber 

bier   ber 

deer    der 

dear   der 

fear   fer 

gear  ger 


k 


33 


jeer 

leer 

mere 

near 

peer 

pier 

i-ear 

tear 

tier 

veer 

yeai- 

eat 

beet 

beat 

eve 

leave 

thieve 


Vv'uiiDS  Having  the  First  Sound  of  E 
Third  place  heavy  dot 


jer 

ler 

mer 

ner 

per. 

per 

rec 

ter 

ter 

ver 

yer 

et 

bet 

bet 

ev 

lev 

thev 


ease  ez 

each  ech 

beech  bech 

beach  bech 

leech  lech 

leach  lech 

peach  pech 

reach  rech 

teach  tech 

leash  lesh 

Vz-.n^^.lieath  heth 

teeth  teth 

sheath  sheth 

wreathe  reth 

teethe  teth 

sheathe  sheth 

shield  sheld 


.) 

./ 

•\ 

•K7 


f 


34 


Words  Havixo  the  Second  Sound  of  E 
Second  place  light  dot 


ebb  eb 

web  web 

fed  fed 

head  hed 

lead  led 

led  led 

red  red 

read  red 

wed  wed 

shed  shed 

feoflf  fef 

egg  eg 

beg  beg 

keg  keg 

leg  leg 

peg  peg 

edge  ej 

hedge  hej 

kedge  kej 

ledge  lej 

tedge  tej 

wedge  wej 

deck  dek 

neck  nek 


^ 


■A 


) 


^ 


peck 

reck 

wreck 

tek 

check 

cheque 

ell 

dell 

bell 

belle 

fell 

knell 

pell 

tell 

yell 

shell 


pek 

rek 

rek 

tek 

chek 

chek 

el 

del 

bel 

bel 

fel 

nel 

pel 

tel 

yel 

shel 


/ 

dwell 

dwel 

</ 

em 

em 

/ 

gem 

jem 

r7 

them 

them 

en 
hep 
nep 
rep 


en 
hep 
nep 
rep 


K 


^rt/ 


C^/^  ( 


35 


Words  B 

[AVmO  THE 

Second  Sound  of 

'E 

1 

Second  place  light  dot 

bet   bet 

debt   det 

get   get 

jet  jet 

etch   ech. 

^ 
n 

C 

tenth    tenth      Ll^ 
length    length    /'^ 
elf  elf          'r\^ 
delf  delf       V^ 
pelf  pelf        W 

fetch    fech 

V 

shelf  shelf 

y^^cA, 

wretch   rech 

elk  elk 

f 

bench   bench 
wrench   rench 

% 

elm   elm , 
helm    helm 

■C-^ 

mesh   mesh 

■^- 

elve  elv 

rx. 

death   deth 

k 

delve   delv 

depth   depth 

shelve  shelv 

ySrvcA. 

Lexicographers  distinguish  the  Third  Sound  of  E 
as  heard  in  verb  from  the  Second  or  Short  sound  iu 
bread. 

Stenographers  claim  that  this  difierence  is  not  a 
modification  of  the  sound  of  E,  but  is  the  sound  of  r 
heard  in  all  words  in  which  E  is  followed  by  that 
letter. 


err   er 

■^ 

earth   erth 

1 

fir    fer 

S 

dearth   derth 

K 

per    per 

> 

berth   berth 

VK 

erg   erg 

birth    berth 

M 

earl    erl 

"V 

girth   gerth 

-A 

perch   perch 

N^ 

jiiirth    merth 

•— ( 

36 


SOUNDS   OF  I 


First  Sound 


Long  i  as  in  ice,  marked  i 

ai  in  aisle  oi    in  choir 

ay  in  aye  ui   in  guide 


ei  in  height 
eye  in  eye 
ie  in  pie 


ny  in  buy 

y  in  my 

ve  in  rve 


Skcoxu    Sound 


Short  i 

as 

in  it. 

marked  i 

a 

in 

village 

0   in 

women 

ai 

in 

captain 

oi   in 

tortoise 

e 

in 

English 

u   in 

l)usy 

ee 

in 

been 

ui   in 

build 

ie 

in 

sieve 

y  in 

hymn 

448634 


Words  Having  the  First  Sound 
Diphthong  1 

ride  rid 

tide  tid 

chide  chid 

fife  fif 

life  hf 

knife  nif 

dike  dik 

like  lik 

pike  pik 

isle  il 

aisle  il 

guile  gil 

chyle  kil 

mile  mil 

Nile  Ml 

pile  pil 

tile  til 

vile  vil 

dime  dim 

chyme  kim 

lime  lim 

rime  rim 

rhyme  rim 

time  tim 


by   bi 

\v 

bye    bi 

V 

buy    bi 

V 

1 

dye   di 

Iv 

die   di 

\v 

fie   fi 

u 

hie   hi 

7v 

high   hi 

?v 

lie   li 

/^ 

lye    li 

/^^ 

my    mi 

'""^ 

nigh    ni 

V 

pie    pi 

\v 

rye    ri 

^/v 

wry   ri 

)v 

sigh    si 

tie   ti 

V 

vie    vi 

^- 

shy    shi 

i 

(v 

thigh    thi 

thy    thi 

gibe  jib 

< 

eyed    id 

< 

hide    hid 

38 


thjme  tim 

chime  chim 

pipe  pip 

ripe  rip 

type  tip 

wipe  wip 

ire  ir 

dire  dir 

fire  fir 

gyre  jir 

lyi-e  lir 

mire  mir 

p}Te  pir 

tire  tir- 

Tyre  Tir 


Words  Having  the  Firbt  Sound  of  I 
Diphthong  I 


v\ 


V  1 


wire  wir 

shire  shir 

ice  is 

eyes  iz 

bite  bit 

bight  bit 

rite  rit 

I'ight  rit 

write  rit 

Wright  rit 

five  fiv 

live  liv 

lithe  lith 

writhe  rith 

ninth  ninth 


') 


) 


^^ 


% 


rV 


Words  Having  the  Second  Sound  of  1 
Third  place  light  dot 


bib  bib 

fib  fib 

jib  jib 

nib  nib 

rib  rib 

hid  hid 


kid  kid 

lid  lid 

if  if 

big  big 

fig  tig 

gig  gig 


~1 


39 


Words  Having 
Third 


Jig  Jig 

pig   pig 
rig   rig 

midge   mij 

ridge  rij 

kick    kik 

lick  lik 

nick  nik 

pick  pik 

tick  tik 

chick  chik 

thick  thik 

ill  il 

bill  bil 

fill  fil 

gill  gil 

nil  nil 

Jill  jil 

gill  Jil 
kill    kil 

kiln  kil 

mill  mil 

pill  pil 

rill  ril 


THE  Second  Sound  of  I 
place  light  dot 

till    til 
chill    chil 
thill    thil 

dim    dim 
limb    lim 
limn    lim 

rim   rim 

vim    vim 

dip    dip 

hip    hip 

lip    lip 

nip    nip 

pip    pip 

rip   rip 

tip   tip 

chip    chip 

ship   ship 

it   it 

bit   bit 

writ    rit 

live    liv 

itch    ich 

ditch    dich 

hitch    hich 


40 


Words  Having  the  Second  Sound  of  I 

light  dot 


niche 
pitch 

rich 
witch 

dish 

tish 

wish 
myth 

pith 
withe 

filch 
milch 

inch 

finch 

linch 

lynch 

pinch 

winch 

chinch 

width 

fifth 
lymph 
nymph 

king 


11 


SOUNDS    OF    0 

First  Sound 

Long  0  as  in  no,  marked   5 

au  in  hautboy  oa  in  boat 

eau  in  bean  oe  in  lioe 

eo  in  Aeoman  ou  in  «oul 

ew  in  sew  ovv  in  ilow 

Second   Sound 

Short  0  as  in  ox,  marked  6 

a  in  was  ou   in  hough 

a  in  what  ow   in  knowledge 


'j^'- 


Third  Sound 

Long,  slender  o  as  in  do,  marked  oT) 

oe  in  shoe 
00  ■  in  woo 
ou  in  soup 


42 


WoHDs  Having  the  First  Sound 
Seooiul  place  heavy  dash 


bow 

bo 

beau 

bo 

do 

do 

doe 

fk) 

dough 

do 

foe 

fo 

go 

go 

ho 

ho 

hoe 

ho 

low 

mow 

no 

know 

row 

roe 

so 

sow 

sew 

toe 

tow 

woe 

show 

shew 

though 


lo 

nio 

no 

no 

ro 

ro 

so 

so 

so 

to 

to 

wo 

sho 

sho 

tho 


X 

v 


X 


)- 


i- 


lobe  lob 

robe  rob 

ode  od 

code  kod 

load  lod 

rode  rod 

road  rod 

toad  tod 

loaf  lof 

I'ogue  rog 

vogue  vog 

oak  ok 

joke  jok 

coke  kok 

poke  pok 

yoke  yok 

bowl  bol 

boll  bol 

bole  bol 

dole  dol 

goal  gol 

coal  kol 

mole  mol 

knoll  nol 


OF  0 

AX 


A. 


43 


Words  Having  the 
Second  place 


First  Sound 
heavy  dash 


OF  0 


fore  for 

four  for 

core  kor 

corps  koi- 

lore  lor 

more  raor 

pore  por 

pour  por 

wore  wor 

yore  yoi- 

chore  chor 

shore  shor 

boat  bot 

goat  got 

wrote  rot 

rote  rot 

vote  vot 

mauve  mov 

coach  koch 

poach  poch 

oath  oth 

both  both 

loathe  loth 

pork  pork 


44 


Words  IIaviiVg  the  Second  Sound  of  0 
First  light  dash 


bob    bob 
fob    fob 
job  job 
cob    kob 
mob    mob 
knob    nob 
I'ob    rob 
odd    od 
hod    hod 
cod    kod 
pod    pod 
rod    rod 
wad    wod 
shod    shod 

off  of 

bog    bog 

dog   dog 

fog   fog 

hog    hog 

jog  jog 
cog   kog 
log   log 
dodge    doj 
lodge    loj 


I 


I 

rC 


i_ 


<7 


dock 

lock 

knock 

rock 

doll 

loll 

poll 

on 

hop 

mop 

knop 

pop 

dot 

got 

jot 

of 

was 

notch 

watch 

wash 

golf 

long 

wrong 

pomp 


dok 

lok 

nok 

rok 

dol 

lol 

pol 

on 

hop 

mop 

nop 

pop 

dot 

got 

jot 

ov 

woz 

noch 

woch 

wosh 

golf 

long 

rong 

pomp 


11 


t- 


/^(... 


'5rx 


45 


Words  Having  the 
Third  place 


Third  Sound  of  0 
heavy  dash 

doom   dom     I — J 


loom   lorn 


46 


SOUNDS    OF    U 

First  Sound 

Long  u  as  in  tune,  marked  u 
on  in  YOTi  ui   in  juice 

eu  in  feud  ieu  in  lieu 

ew  in  dew  iew  in  view 

ue  in  blue  eau   in  beauty 

Second   Sound 

Short  u  as  in  us,  marked  ii 

0  in  love  oo  in  flood 

oe  in  does  ou  in  touch 

Third  Sound 

Short,  slender,  u  as  in  full,  marked  u 

o  in  wolf 
00  in  book 
ou  in  could 


47 


Words  Having  the  First  Souxd 
Diplithong  U 


OF  U 


you 
yew 
ewe 
(lew 
due 
few 
fugh 
hew 
hue 
Hugh 
cue 
queue 
lieu 
mew 
new 
knew 
gnu 
pew 
sue 
view 
cube 
tube 


u 
u 

IL 

(hi 

(lu 

fu 

in 

hu 

hu 

hu 

ku 

ku 

lu 

mu 

nu 

nu 

nu 

pu 

su 

vu 

kub 

tub 


t 
2. 


-<]       4.      ^ 


feud    fud 
hued    hud 
Jude    Jud 
fugue    fug 
huge    huj 
duke   duk 

buhl    bul 
mewl    mul 
mule    mul 

pule    pul 

yule    yul 
fume    fum 
pume    pun) 
dupe    dup 
your    ur 
cure   kur 

lure    lur 
pure    pui- 

use    us 

Ute  Ut 
jute  jut 
youth    uth 


V 


48 


Words  Having  the  Secoxd  Sound  of  U 
Second  light  dash 


bub 

bub 

dub 

dub 

hub 

hub 

cub 

kub 

rub 

rub 

tub 

tub 

chub 

chub 

cud 

kud 

rudd 

rud 

thud 

thud 

hiff 

luf 

bug   bug 
dug   dug 
hug   hug 

jug 

lug 

mug 

pug 

rug 

tug 

thug 

budge 

fudge 

judge 


jug 

lug 

mug 

pug 

rug 

tug 

thug 

buj 

juj 


}9 


WoRt)8  Havikg  the  Second  Soukd  of  U 


but 

butt 

jut 

rul 

love 

shove 

Dutch 

much 

touch 

gush 

hush 

iiuish 

rush 

tush 

doth 

month 

gulch 

bunch 

hunch 

lunch 

munch 

punch 

bulb 


us 
but 
but 
jut 

lUt 

luv 
shuv 
Duch 
much 
tuch 
gush 
hush 
mush 
rush 
tush 
duth 
munth 
gulch 
bunch 
hunch 
lunch 
munch 
punch 
bulb 


Second  light  dash 


-) 


o-v    \ 


I 


.(TL  . 


^17 


\    J 

1 


-O 


gulf 

hung 

lung 


gulf 

hung 

lung 


rung    rung 


/ 


^?A 


wrung 

tongue 

bulge 

lunge 

.    bulk 

bunk 

junk 

monk 

punk 

chunk 

culm 

gulp 

pulp 

bump 

dump 

gump 

jump 

lump 

mump 

pump 


rung 

tung 

bulj 

lunj 

bulk 

bungk 

jungk 

mungk 

j)ungk 

ehungk 

kulm 

gulp 

pulp 

bump 

dump 

gump 

jump 

lump 

mump 

pump 


50 


Words  Having  the  Third  Sound  of  U 
Third  light,  clash 

ugh  u  /  nook  luik  "—' 
good  gud  J  (Tt  _  rook  ruk  ^ 
hood    hud      <5^  took    tuk       I \ 


could  kud  ~^  (TV  _  shook  shuk  J_a 

wood  wud  "^  bull  bul  ^Z' 

would  wud  ^^-  3  full  ful  *v 

should  shud      ^  /rr^  ^  hoop  imp  ^  d'^\ 

book  buk  ■' \ — !  put  put  \  ^ 

hook  huk       Z_!  bush  bush  \ 

cook  kuk  L  push  push  X 

look  luk  / 


Words  Having  the  Sound  of  01 
Diphthong  01 


boy  boi  \  boil  boil      \/^" 

buoy  boi  N  coil  koil 

hoy  hoi  /  foil  foil 

joy  joi  /  moil  moil 

coy  koi  ::^ —  roil  roil 

soy  soi  )  toil  toil 

toy  toi  1  coir  koir 

oil  oil  /^  doit  doit 


51 


Words  Having  the  Sound  of  OU 
Diphthong  OW 


ow 

bow 

bough 

dow 

dhow 
how 
cow 
mow 
now 
row 
vow 
thou 
loud 

novvd 

gouge 
bouk 

gowk 

owl 

dowl 


OU 

bou 

bou 

dou 

dou 

hou 

kou 

mou 

nou 

lOU 

vou 
thou 
loud 
noud 

gouj 

bouk 

gouk 

oul 

doul 


A 

V 


I 


'a  /yt'  A 


&v 


a 

~7 


V" 


tbul  foul 

fowl  foul 

jowl  joul 

joule  joul 

cowl  kou  I 

cowle  koul 

OU)'     OUl' 

hour  OUl- 

giaour  jour 

out  out 

bout  bout 

gout  gout 

ouch  ouch 

couch  kouch 

pouch  pouch 

vouch  vouch 

zoutch  zoucli 

mouth  mouth 


'y^ 
^ 


tn^ 


/n/. 


"1 


mouth    mouth       J^ 


52 


SENTENCES 

To   Be    Written   in   Shorthand. 

1.  Ma,  may  Madge  bake  cake? 

2.  Eiith  may  take  poor  Joe  home. 

3.  Sarali  bought  pure  milk. 

4.  Nellie  may  feed  eight  sheep. 

5.  Annie,  we  all  like  tea. 

G.  lliish  !     Watch  Judge  eat  duck. 

7.  Paul  King  saw  Kay  fall. 

8.  Merry  Harry  ate  peach  pie. 
D.  Pa,  Dash  sliook  n  li\('  ciilj. 

10.  Huge  Luke  knew  Cowboy  Jack. 

11.  See  tall  Tom  catch  fish! 

12.  Minnie,  show  how  vou  lauiih. 

GEAMMALOGUES    AND    LOGOGRAMS. 

In  Shorthand,  frequently  occurring  words  are  ex- 
pressed by  one  of  their  letters  written  on.  above,  or 
througJi  the  line,  according  as  their  principal  vowel 
is  first  place,  second  place,  or  third  place. 

Such  al)l)rcvi<iti()ns  are  called  Grammalogues  or 
letter-words,  and  the  signs  employed  are  named  Logo- 
grams or  word-letters. 

Exceptions.  The  words  and  and  Jir  ai'e  not  repre- 
sented by  any  of  their  letters.  A  short,  sloping,  light 
stroke,  written  upward  toward  the  right,  stands  for 
and;  he  is  represented  by  a  short,  vertical,  heavy 
stroke,  written  on  the  line. 

53 


Consonant  Grammalogues 


happy_ 
by,  bn}L 
at 


X 


had. 


much_ 
large. 


lip. 
be_ 

it_ 


do. 


camcL 


give-ii. 


put 

to  be. 
out 


/ 


whicli Z 


Written  above  the  Line 
bait! J::= ^mo,  in}L 


\" 


V 


different, 
each 


_vie. 


•^ 


_tliank-ed. 


C 


j.n,  any. 


thy,  though. 


c 


.owing. 


law. 


.saw 
can. 


j)r,  high- 


_go,  ago. 


Written  on  the  Line 

if V^ liim,  may. 


Jiave. 


<^ 


Jhink C. 


_no,  know. 


lhing_ 


them,  they L Lord 

) 


so,   UfcL 


jivas. 


1 


vour. 


.iire . 


shi.il          J 
_U8ual-ly J— 


_we,  way,  away  (^ 
-ye,  holy_^__d_. 


Written  through  the  Line 

youtli C own 

^}^oung. 


see,  use. 


-UsCj  whose_^ \_year li::;^ 

.wish,  she J our,  hour ^^ 


-r 


^ 


.difference j liew,  hue ^ 


5-1 


Grammalogues 


a 

of     " 
nil    ^ 
owe 

on_ 

I 

an 
ah    • 

_0_ 
_oh_ 

1 
1 

< 

Vowels  and  DiriiTiiOiSrGS 

Written  above  the  Line 
Dots  Dashes  Angles  and  Curves 

antl I,  eye with 

ought — ay,  aye what. 

/  1 —  r 

.  awe why beyon  d  _ 

Written  on  the  Line 
Dots  Dashes  iVngles  and  Curv^es 

eh       «       to       \        hut ! should  ^  how    a when    c. 

the     .      two,  toov^he I who_i^^ — you q would-^- 

RuLE ;  And  and  shouhl  are  written  with  an  upwartl 

stroke. 

Sentences 


To  be  written  in  Shorthand 

Why,  what  woukl  you  do  with  it  ? 
0,  I  owe  all  of  it  to  you. 
Ought  he  and  I  to  go  beyond  you  ? 
Aye  :  he  should  go  when  you  and  I  go. 
Oh  !  who  came  with  you  and  Ned  ? 
Ah !  but  the  two  were  on  the  boat,  too. 
How  much  of  the  cake  should  I  take '? 
You  ought  to  take  all  of  it,  I  think. 
0,  my  eye  may  show  the  awe  I  feel. 


Oi) 


SENTE.X CES  — IJSI \U    GKAMMALOG UES. 

7'o  Be   Written  in  Shorthand. 

1.  Ma  had  a  cake  to  give  to  baby  Faith,  and  Pa  had 
a  tame  jay  in  a  cage  to  give  to  Ray. 

'i.  Ann  may  give  a  pink  badge  to  Rab,  and  she  may 
pay  the  lad  to  catch  fish  in  the  bay. 

.").   Paul  sliall  buy  chalk,  a  ball,  tape,  and  a  shawl, 
and  he  shall  take  all  to  Madge  Page. 

4.  Sarah  and  Mary  saw  Neal  feed  the  sheep,  the 

lamb,  the  deer  and  a  tame  ape  at  the  beach. 

5.  Belle  may  have  given  the  red  shell,  the  egg,  the 

peach,  and  the  bell  to  Earl,  an  hour  ago. 

6.  Emma  and  Ida  saw  the  shy  babe,  Daisy,  fall  on 

the  thick  ice  by  the  large  elm,  in  the  park. 

7.  Harry  King  ate  a  ripe  peach,  and  Mary,  ISTellie, 

Jim,  Jack,  and  Zida  each  ate  a  ripe  pear. 

8.  Pa  bought  a  big  load  of  hay,  and  a  bag  of  seed 

at  the  mill  on  the  road  to  the  seashore. 

9.  A  year  ago,  Dannie  and  Rol)l)ie  each  had  a  red 

top,  a  ball,  watch,  a  big  dog,  a  goat,  and  a  bell. 

10.  Poor  Ruth  had  a  large  rag  doll  and  a  pink  cup, 

and  Sadie  had  a  cake  and  a  pie  in  the  booth. 

11.  Fannie,  3'ou  and  Rob  may  take  Luke  and  Guy  to 

view  the  big  ship  in  the  bay,  if  you  wish. 

12.  Madge,  you  may  look  at  the  ladybug  on  the  leaf, 

and  you  may  also  show  it  to  Minnie. 

13.  The  tall  young  lad,  Hugh,  and  poor  Bob  have  a 

book,  a  rake,  a  hoe,  a  hook,  and  a  new  dime. 

14.  Now  teach  bnby  Laura  to  say,  "meow"  to  the 

kittv,  "  bow-wow  "  to  the  dog,  and  "moo-moo" 
to  the  cow. 

15.  Joy  and  Phebe  took  the  lame  boy  Zaudok  to  the 

Zoo  to  see  a  bear,  an  elk,  a  vak,  and  an  owl. 
56 


I_ 


\ 


^ 


^ 


-% 


1 


^    A. 


-25s_ 


iH 


y     X 


) 


T 


Ji^ 


^ 


L 


-r 


<^      X 


J^ 


:^ y^ 


^ 


-^ 


\ 

• 

X 

• 
• 

~S^ 

^ 

z:    .    6 

1 

\ 

^■^    '>>- 

■^ 

.   rh  . 

\ 

.         \ 

—   V 


J^ 


_x. 


M: 


J^ 


\ 


-7 


^ 


^ 


^ 


-t 


.-r 


~r 


-^<^ 


.^^ 


L 


./ 


■^ 


\ 


^ 


\ 


J2<^ 


,.^ 


V 


/\ 


4=- 


c 


rzn 


57 


C'lIJCVLES  S.  SW  AXD  SES.     LOOPS  ST  AXD 

STR. 

With  the  shorthand  signs  given  in  the  alphabet  of 
consonants  and  vowels,  the  Avords  of  the  English  lan- 
guage can  be  written  much  more  speedily  than  with 
ordinary  script.  Much  greater  rapidity,  however,  is 
obtained  for  reporting  and  other  purposes,  by  using 
various  forms  of  contraction  and  principles  of  ab- 
breviation. These  must  be  thoroughly  learned,  if  a 
writer  desires  to  be  able  to  keep  pace  Avith  a  ready 
speaker. 

Among  the  most  frequently  used  consonants  of  the 
language  is  /5',  with  its  heavy  sound  Z.  This  letter 
is  represented,  not  only  by  a  stroke,  but  also  by  a 
small  circle,  named  Iss,  Avhich  is  made  one-fourth  the 
length  of  the  stroke  consonant.  It  is  used  initially, 
linally  and  medially.  It  forms  an  easy  method  of 
joining  one  consonant  with  another. 

Kule  I.  Circle  S  is  written  initially  or  linally  on 
the  right  side  of  straight  downstrokes;  on  the  upper 
side  of  A'  and  g  aud  all  straight  upstrokes;  on 
the  inside  of  curves;  and  on  the  outside  of  angles. 

Eule  II.  Circle  S  is  always  read  first  when  at  the 
beginning  of  a  word  outline,  and  last  when  at  the 
end. 

Rule  III.  All  voAvels  are  written  and  read  to  the 
stroke  consonant,  never  to  circle  8. 

58 


ClKCLES    AND     LoOl'S. 

Note.  Tlic  three  rules  for  circle  S  apply  also 
to  writiug  and  reading  the  following  circles  and 
loops. 

Circle  Sw,  named  Sway.  A  circle  double  the  size 
of  circle  S,  used  initially  only,  and  representing  the 
double  consonantal  sound  sw  heard  in  swarm,  sweet, 
swim. 

Circle  Ss  or  Zs,  named  Ses.  A  double  circle 
used  finally  or  medially.  It  represents  the  sound  of 
seSj  scz,  zes,  zez  as  in  passes,  pauses,  necessity. 

Circle  Ses  includes  the  second  place  short  vowel. 
When  other  vowels  are  in  the  word  they  must  be 
written  within  the  circle,  as  in  exhaust,  exist. 

S  may  be  added  to  circle  Ses  by  continuing  the 
curve  of  the  circle  to  the  opposite  side  of  the  stroke 
to  wliich  it  is  attached,  thus  forming  another  small 
circle  as  in  success. 

Loop  St,  named  Stee,  represents  the  closely  blend- 
ed consonant  sounds  st  initial,  and  st  or  zd  final, 
heard  in  post,  taste,  massed,  caused. 

This  loop  is  a  small  loop,  one-half  the  length  of  a 
stroke  consonant.  S  may  be  added  to  it  as  for  circle 
Ses;  as  in  posts,  masts.  When  a  vowel  occurs  be- 
tween s  and  t,  use  circle  s  and  stroke  t,  not  loop  Stee. 

Loop  Str,  named  Ster,  is  loop  St  enlarged  and 
lengthened.  It  is  made  two-thirds  the  length  of  the 
stroke  to  Avliieli  it  is  attached.  It  is  generally  used 
finally,  but  in  a  few  words  it  is  employed  medially; 
as  in  masterpiece,  registering,  upholsterer.  It  is 
never  used  initially.  It  takes  a  final  s  in  the  same 
manner  as  Ses  and  Stee,  by  continuing  the  curve  of 
the  loop  across  the  stroke  to  form  a  circle. 

59 


Circles  and  Loops 


Table  of 

Circles  and  Loops 

Sign 

Name 

For 

As  in 

Circle 

S 

o 

Iss 

s  or  z 

spade 

Loop 

St 

0 

Stee 

st  or  zd 

stage 

Circle 

Sw 

O 

Sway 

sw 

sweep 

Loop 

Ster 

O 

Ster 

ster 

master 

Circle 

Ss 

o 

Ses 
Note 

ses 

passes 

Sw  is  used  initially  only. 

Ster  and  Ses  are  used  medially  or  finally. 

Iss  and  Stee  are  used  initially,  medially  or  finally. 

Circle  Ss  stands  for  ses,  sez,  zes  or  zez. 

Circle  S  Initial 


slay  sla 

sleigh  sla 

spade  spad 

safe  saf 

sage  sag 

sake  sak 

slake  slak 

snake  snak 

spake  spak 

sail  sal 

snail  snal 


V- 


r 

r 


scale  skal 

same  sam 

sane  san 

seine  san 

scape  skap 

save  sav 

slave  slav 

scathe  skath 

spathe  spath 

scare  skar 

snare  snar 


ci_. 


GO 


rii{(LE  S  Initial 


spare 

sliib 


spai- 
slab     C\ 


small 
sawn 


OiRci.K  S  Initial 


sky    ski    a  slow    slo  6^ 

sly   sli    6  snow   sno        *5— ^ 

spy    spi     ^v  soak    sok        '^ — 


V, 


sighed    sid   v  I  smoke    sinok 

spike    spik     \ v  soul    sol  6 

smile    smil  6    v^^    ,  sewn    son        *^-^ 


slime  slim       6  soap  sop  /\ 

sign  sin       ^— ^  scope  skoj)  •  \ 

sire  sir          v\  soar  sor  '  * 

spire  spir    J^-^  snore  snor  «    ^ 

sight  sit    vi  .sloth  sloth  ^ 

scythe  sith      vV  sob  sob  ^X 

slid  slid      b]  sod  sod  I 

skill  skil      ^P^  sol  sol  ^o 

skim  skim  Q — -—-^  sons;  soni!-  '^^^ 

slim  slim     6  solve  solv  ^6  v 

skip  skip         V  spool  spol  \/~ 


snip  snip          N  soon  son 

sit  sit     .1  soup  sop 

sieve  siv      vL  sloop  slop  ^    /^  p 

smith  smith          (  soot  sot           «l 

sling  sling  ^"^^  sooth  soth    > 

singe  sinj      ^/  smooth  smoth          ( 

silk  silk     6  soothe  soth      v 


62 


CirvCLE  S  Initial 


g;3 


sun 

son 

siicli 

slush 

sung 

slung 

sponge 

sulk 

sunk 

skunk 

spunk 
slunk 
sculp 
stulp 
sump 

slump 

soot 

soil 

spoil 

scow 

scowl 

sour 

scour 

slouch 


sun  <u^ 

sun         <2^L^ 
such      7 
slush    ^^ 
sung     <5j^ 
slung     6^ 
spunj     \y 
sulk  ^ 
suno;k 
skungk 
spungk  \^^ 
slungk 
skulp 

stulp  t\  'r\ 

sump  (^~N^ 
slump   C^ 

sut  I 

soil  -7^ 

spoil  \^ 
skou 
skoul 


A 


Q- 


sour    '3~~>| 
skour  *^~^ 
slouch  ^^ 


basG 

raise 

neighs 

hipse 

thanks 

pahns 

psahiis 


gauze 


Circle  S  Final  and  Medial 
bas       \? 


raz 
naz 


hips  ^^ 
thangks 
pamz  \^ 
samz    (T-^ 


gaz 


false 

fals 

cheese 

chez 

seei's 

serz 

purse 

pers 

nice 

nis 

this 

this 

phiz 

fiz 

lynx 

lino-l 

snows 

snoz 

oaths 

othz 

c 

y^ 


tongs 

sluice 

youths 

A'iews 


tongz  \^ 

SIOS  (T^N 

uthz  (^ 

YUZ  (^. 


c 


bask  bask 

chasm  kasm 

spasm  spazm 

casks  kasks 

masks  masks 

rasps  rasps    <'^\q 

gasps  gasps  '■     \o 

desks  desks  i—o 

risks  risks     y^    ^ 

schism  sizm      ^^-^ 

Hsps  lisps      /No 

mosque  mosk 


wasps 

tusks 

musty 

chosen 

oxen 

visit 

tasty 

music 

unsafe 

dismay 


wasps 

tusks 

musti 

chozn 

oksen 

vizit 

tasti 

musik 

unsaf 

disma 


-Q ^ 


Hu 


l^ 


Gl 


Loop  St  Initial 


staid 
stage 
stake 
steak 
stale 
staiD 
stare 
stair 
state 
stave 

stab 

stag 
stack 

star 
starch 

stall 
stalk 

staff 

steed 

steal 

steel 

steam 

steep 

steer 


stad 

stag 

stak 

stak 

stal 

stan 

star 

star 

stat 

stav 

stab 

stag 

stak 

star 

starch 

stal 

stak 

staf 

sted 

stel 

stel 

stem 

step 

ster 


•/ 


r 


r 


°^ 


stead 

stem 

step 

stet 

stir 

stile 

style 

stiff 

stitch 

sting 

stone 

store 

storm 

stove 

stock 

stop 

stool 

stoop 

stub 

stuff 

stung 

stood 

sticks 

stoves 


sted 

stem 

step 

stet 

stir 

stil 

stil 

stif 

stich 

sting 

ston 

stor 

storm 

stov 

stok 

stop 

stol 

stop 

stub 

stuf 

stung 

stud 

stiks 

stovs 


i 


£~\ 


\ 


\ 

f 

r 
\ 


I 


65 


baste 
paste 
taste 
waste 
fast 
cast 
mast 
vast 
least 
yeast 
jest 
rest 
west 
zest 
chest 
next 
vexed 
wrist 
wist 
xyst 
schist 
twist 
toast 
cost 


Loop  St  Final  and  Medial 
bast 


past 

tast 

wast 

fast 

kast 

mast 

vast 

lest 

yest 

jest 

rest 

west 

zest 

chest 

nekst 

vekst 

rist 

wist 

zist 

shist 

twist 

tost 

kost 


b 


^ 


/ 


/ 


J 

I-- 

V 


V 


Q 


just  just  /^ 

dust  dust 

burst  burst 

durst  durst 

worst  wurst 

moist  moist         ^ 

tastes  tasts 

feasts  fests 

guests  gests 

posts  posts 

rusts  rusts 

joists  joists 

(Zd)      ) 

dazed   dazd 

raised   razd 

^seized   sezd 

caused   kazd 

fused   fuzd 
noised    noizd 
roused   rouzd 

(St  medial)     £P   ^ 
vestry    vestre  t^' 

jesting  jesting  X_^ 

testing  testing  |)r^^ 


4- 
X 

I 


-r 


^ 


A 


QQ, 


Circle  Sw,  Loop  Str,  Circle  Ses 


swage 

swathe 

suave 

swear 

swag 

swarm 

swarth 

sweep 

sweet 

suite 

swedge 

swell 

sweat 

swii'l 

swine 

swim 

switch 

swinge 

swish 

swing 

swore 

swan 

swoon 

swung 


swath         *  v 
swav    vl    'vl 
swar      M 

SAvao;     ^ 

swarm  '     ^ — - 
swarth  'CV^ 


swep 

swet 

swet 

swej 

swel 

swet 

swerl 

swin 

swim 

swich 


.P 


P. 


swinj 
swish 

swing  Q_y 

swor  ^^^ 

swon  Cl_y 

swon  Q-^ 
swung  Q^ 


(Loop  8tr) 
master-ster 
pastor-ster 
faster-ster 
waster-stcr 
posters-sters 
<lu!^ters-sters 
coaster-ster 
lobster-ster 
masterpiece 
(Circle  Ses) 

faces-sez 
masses-sez 
vases-sez 
cases-sez 
laces-sez 
mosses-sez 
thesis-sis 
exist-zist 
necessity 
races-sez 
recess-sess 
paces-sez 
possess-zess 

67 


J? 

6. 


^ 


^ 


USE  STEOKE  N  01?  Z. 

When  it  is  tJio  only  consonant  in  a  word,  and  in 
derivatives  from  such  words:  saw,  sawmill. 

When  a  word  begins  with  the  sound  of  z:  zeal, 
zero. 

When  initial  5  is  followed  by  two  vowels,  or  when 
final  s  is  preceded  by  two  vowels ;  Siam,  chaos. 

When  a  word  begins  with  a  vowel  followed  by  s 
or  ends  with  a  vowel  preceded  by  s:  aside,  also,  daisy. 

When  a  word  begins  with  s  followed  by  a  vowel 
and  another  s  or  z;  sauce,  seize,  season. 

Note. — When  a  word  ends  with  s  preceded  by  a 
vowel  and  another  s,  either  a  stroke  or  a  circle  may 
be  used;  recess,  disuse. 

SENTENCES  USING  CIECLES  AND  LOOPS. 

1.  The  day  is  sunny  and  the  roads  are  dusty,  so 
Susie  and  Stella  Eice  are  sighing  because  they  must 
stay  indoors  to-day  and  sew  rags. 

2.  Elsie  Lomas,  Zoe  Mills,  Bess  Sidney  and  Sophie 
Davis  also,  have  come  to  the  apiary  in  Siento.  They 
like  the  noisy  buzzing  of  the  fussy,  busy  bees. 

3.  Silas  Madison  was  on  the  steep,  stony  south 
bank  with  James  Lee  and  Sam  Smith,  two  hours  ago, 
and  saw  six  joyous  boys  .swimming  in  Zigzag  Bay. 

4.  Did  you  see  Ulysses  Sampson?  He  tosses  his 
huge  ball  faster  and  faster  in  the  games,  and  Seth 
Shirley  shows  as  much  skill  in  catching  it  each  time. 

5.  Amos  Scottie  sells  eggs,  milk  and  cheese  in  the 
city  and  takes  pay  in  books,  toys,  bags,  swings,  which 
he  sells  in  his  new  big  store  at  Lodiz. 

68 


Stroke  S 


say 
ace 

as 

saw 

see 

ease 

ice 
sigh 

is 

so 
sue 
use 
use 

as 

soy 

sow 

zax 

zee 

zeal 

zinc 

zoo 

zero 

ooze 

acid 


)• 
•) 
■) .° 

r 

X 

.) 

V)     V) 

.)    o 

)- 

)- 
). 

y 


sa 

as 

az 

sa 

se 

ez 

is 

si 

iz 

so 

su 

uz 

uz 

us 

soi 

so 

zaks 

ze 

zel 

zingk 

zo       /^ 

zero    l^ 

oz      *-/ 

asid      / 


ask 

asp 

espy 

essay 

usage 

daisy 

season 

disuse 

busy 

also 

says 

sauce 

cease 

seize 

sighs 

sizz 

sues 

souse 

suet 

Siam 

chaos 

osmose 

zigzag 

joyous 


ask 

asp 

espi 

essa 

uzaj 

daze 


■1_ 
1 


sezn 

disus 

bizi 

also 

sez 

sas 

ses 

sez 

siz 

siz 

suz 

sous 

suet 

Siam 

kaos 

osmos 


i 


•  /> 


'    ^ 


Zigzag 
joins 


1^ 


i 


r 


GU 


Circle     and    Loop    Grammalogues 


1.     Written  above  the  Line 

o                        .       O  ^-g, 

as as   IS. myself  .. 

has.  ^ . . .  .  .        has    his thyself  ^ 

,           O  .   ^T^  ,              '^^ 

as   has  ••.•••  most .  .  ^ because  . 

'  CJ  /                                      

as   his those. .  .^ mistake         ^^ — 

*  '  •  ■  •    ■  •    «  •  .  - 

2.     Written  on  the  Line 

is      o  this  (o  subject     y 

his    o  must  ^-^  liimself           ^-^ 

his   is      O  next  ^^  Saviour    C_ 

is   as     O  yes  <^  several            v_ 

is   his    O  house  <^  respected    ^\ 

first    ^  expect  \  yesterday           ^ 

us   so        /  special  \  something    <r^^.^^ 

was  /  respect  /^  themselves            O 

3.     Written  through  the  Line 

see   ). . . .     whose       )  speak   .  ^. 


use   (noun)  ...)...        thus  4    youths  Q  ■ 

use   (verb)   }  these        4  ••        itself,    f. 


2. 


70 


X 


"WORDS  TO  BE  WRITTEN   IN  SHORTHAND. 


barge 

march 

widest 

vouch 

bulge 

space 

chalk 

tongue 

check 

spice 

guest 

force 

causes 

fence 

yeast 

swage 

voice 

lustre 

azure 

usage 

lance 

white 

rhymes 

whisk 

leave 

wades 

yells 

sneeze 

nymph 

wails 

stage 

sweep 

duster 

.    pause 

steep 

quick 

thuiiil) 

basque 

aches 

quill 

wrest 

juicy 

thence 

gongs 

waste 

chase 

sense 

charge 

swims 

chasm 

salve 

lamps 

scorch 

lapse 

storm 

guava 

niece 

length 

sauce 

guess 

caste 

while 

nicest 

berth 

casks 

yelps 

earth 

sights 

aisle 

youth 

swoon 

dodge 

lanced 

dupes 

swarm 

dames 

share 

badges 

shame 

teams 

wasps 

mouse 

starch 

rouse 

whips 

parks 

laugh 

puzzle 

bough 

psalm 

noise 

vague 

stitch 

wages 

nicer 

bench 

twice 

boyish 

twist 

beach 

swing 

gnash 

lances 

guile 

swamp 

douse 

rages 

dollar 

range 

dozen 

match 

booms 

lawyer 

bases 

marsh 

pulse 

catch 

passed 
71 

sixth 

palms 

Double  Consonants 


rl 


chl 


kl 


pr 


cJtr 


kr 


i\ 


The  l^EL  Hook  Series 


The  Per  Hook  Series 


Name    Sign     Letters 

As  in 

Name    Si^n 

Letters 

As  in 

Pel      \      pi 

play 

Per    'X 

pr 

prow 

Bel    \       bl 

blay 

Ber   \ 

br 

brow 

Tel        f      tl 

total 

Ter 

tr 

try 

Del    f         (11 

fiddle 

Der      1 

dr 

dry 

Chel   /      chl 

satchel  Cher    / 

chr 

archer 

Jel    /       jl 

agile 

Jer      / 

.)!• 

major 

Kel   c^    kl 

clad 

Ker   < — 

kr 

crow 

Gel    c_    gl 

glad 

Gei-   c— 

OT 

grow 

Curves 

Fel    CL^  fl 

flag 

Fer    ^-^ 

tr 

fray 

Vel   C  ^  vl 
Thel    CO  thl 

evil 

Ver  e  '^ 

vr 

ever 

Ethel 

Ther  0 

thr 

ether 

Thel   C  0  thl 

•Ther  (  ') 

thr 

either 

Shel    D     shl 

bushel 

Sher  J 

shr 

usher 

Zher  J 

zhr 

measure 

Mel  Cr\     ml 

camel 

Mer   <r-^ 

mr 

murmur 

Nel  Cl^      nl 

final 

Ner  <i_^ 

nr 

dinner 

— 

.  Ngker 

C-^ 

{ngkr 

banker 

Ngger 

72 

<L^ 

Inggr 

finger 

DOUBLE  CONSONANTS. 

THE  L  AND  11  HOOKS, 

The  liquids  I  and  /•  often  unite  closely  and  blend 
with  other  consonants  forming  one  sound :  as  in  play, 
pray,  blow,  brow,  flow,  fry,  glee,  grow.  These  con- 
sonantal diphthongs  are  represented  by  an  initial 
hook,  written  at  the  beginning  of  the  single  conson- 
ants, forming  two  series  of  double  consonants,  which 
are  considered  ami  named  as  syllables;  as  per,  ber, 
pel,  bel,  not  pee-ar,  bee-ar,  pee-el,  bee-el.  Those 
formed  by  prefixing  the  L  hook  arc  classed  as  the  PI 
Series ;  those  with  the  R  hook  as  the  Pr  Series. 

Vocalization.  Vowels  are  written  and  read  to  the 
double  consonants  as  for  the  single  consonants. 

Stuaiuiit  Letteks.  The  hook  prefixed  to  the 
straight  downstrokcs  turns  toward  the  right  for  I 
and  toward  the  left  for  r.  This  may  be  illustrated 
by  raising  the  index  finger  of  each  hand  and  bending 
it  to  indicate  the  hook.  A  hooked  piece  of  wire  or 
cardboard  will  also  serve  for  illustration.  Held  in  a 
Horizontal,  slanting  and  vertical  position  the  fingers, 
wire  or  cardboard  may  be  employed  to  show  each  of 
the  hooked  straight  consonants.  When  writing  these 
double  consonants  turn  to  the  left  for  /,  and  toward 
the  right  for  /•.  Notice  that  the  I  hook  is  on  the  up- 
per side,  and  the  r  hook  on  the  under  side  of  the  h 
and  g  strokes. 

Curved  Letters.  A  small  hook  written  inside  of 
a  curved  letter  at  the  beginning,  stands  for  r. 

A  curve  cannot  be  hooked  on  two  sides,  so  a  Uirge 

73 


hook  twice  the  size  of  the  r  hook  is  used  to  add  I  to 
/,  V,  th,  sh,  m,  and  n. 

Ng  and  E.  Ng  when  hooked  for  r  does  not  repre- 
sent ngr,  heeause  this  sound  occurs  in  but  few  words ; 
these  shoukl  be  written  in  full;  as  singer,  wringer. 
JV^  when  hooked  is  employed  for  nghr  and  nggr;  as  in 
lanher  and  finger, 

Reading.  In  reading  hooked  forms  always  read 
the  stem  before  the  hook;  as  pi,  pr,  not  Ip,  rp.  A 
vowel  preceding  a  hooked  form  is  read  first.  When 
the  vowel  is  written  after  the  stem,  read  the  double 
consonant  first.  The  stem  and  hook  should  be  pro- 
nounced in  one  breath. 

Prefixing  S  to  Hooked  Letters.  Circle  s  is 
written  inside  of  the  hook  for  all  letters  of  the  Pel 
series. 

S  is  prefixed  to  straight  letters  hooked  for  r,  by 
closing  the  hook,  thus  making  a  small  circle.  This 
circle  need  not  be  mistaken  for  circle  s,  because  it  is 
always  on  the  r  hook  or  left  side  of  the  vertical  and 
sloping  strokes,  and  on  the  under  side  of  h  and  g. 
Circle  s  is  written  for  s,  inside  of  the  r  hook  of  curved 
letters;  it  is  also  used  when  the  circle  and  hook 
occur  medially  or  finally,  except  when  following  a 
straight  stroke  in  the  same  direction. 

After  T  or  D.  When  s  follows  t  or  d  the  circle  is 
written  on  the  right  side  of  these  letters;  as  in  disa- 
gree, disgrace,  tasker. 

Sw  AND  St,    The  large  circle  sw  and  the  loop  st 

may  be  prefixed,  to  strokes  hooked  for  r,  by  closing 

the  hook  as  when  .s  is  prefixed  to  r. 

74 


Letters  Not  Hooked.  The  stroke  consonants  s, 
z,  El,  Ar,  Ray,  w,  y.  It,  are  not  hooked  for  I  or  r.  The 
curve  zli  and  ny  are  hooked  for  r,  making  zlir  and 
nykr  or  nygr. 

Note.  Upward  E  when  hooked  is  used  for  w  or  y. 
See  "Consonant  Alphabet." 

EIGHT  extra   signs. 

1.  Ar  hooked  initially  for  fr. 

2.  Ar  thickened  and  hooked  initially  for  vr. 

3.  S  hooked  initially  for  thr. 

4.  Z  hooked  initially  for  the-r. 

5.  Ar  with  double-sized  initial  hook  for  fi. 

(i.  Fl  thickened  becomes  vl. 

7.  and  8.     S  and  Z  with  double-sized  hook  stand 
for  till  and  the-1  respectively. 

When  any  of  these  four  double  consonants  of  the 
PI  series  is  preceded  by  a  consonant,  the  extra  sign 
may  be  used ;  rifle,  cavil,  Bethel. 

When  any  of  the  four  double  consonants  belonging 
to  the  Pr  Series  is  preceded  by  a  vowel,  the  regular 
form  is  used;  offer,  affray,  either,  ever.  When  fol- 
lowed by  a  vowel  the  extra  sign  is  employed;  fro, 
three,  fray. 

Wlien  joined  to  a  consonant  either  the  regular  or 
the  extra  sign  may  be  used  as  may  be  most  conven- 
ient ;  frog,  tlirob,  Friday,  favor. 


75 


The  Pl  Hook 


clay 

play 

plague 

blame 

claim 

blare 

place 

blaze 

glaze 

black 

plaque 

clap 
glass 

class 
clash 
plash 
clang 
blank 
clank 
plank 

claw 
clause 

glee 

plea 


kla 

pla 

plag 

blam 

klani 

blar 

plas 

blaz 

glaz 

blak 

plak 

klap 

glas 

klas 

klash 

plash 

klang 

blangk 

klangk 

plangk 

kla 

klaz 

gle 

pie 


^ 


V 


v_ 

r 

C          O 

c 

3 

^—^ 

\  ^ 

c 

<- 
1 

r        O 

plead 
bleak 

clique 

gleam 
clear 

please 

bless 

plead 

pledge 

ply 

clime 

climb 

blight 

blithe 

click 

clip 

bliss 

clinch 

cling 

blow 

glow 

globe 

cloak 

close 


V 


TiiK   Vl  Hook 


close 

clothe 

clock 

cloth 

bloom 


kloiui   ^ 


77 


The  Pr  Hook 


78 


TiiK   Pi;   Hook 


79 


TlIK     1*K    TTOOK 


])ron,o; 

throng 

l)iew 

drew 

grew 

crew 

true 

threw 

tlirough 

shi'ew 

slirewd 

l)rooni 

groojn 

droop 

group 

crouj) 

troop 

troupe 

ci'ulse 

cruse 

truce 

cruise 

bruise 

truth 


prong 
throng    2.^^ 
l)ro  N^^ 

dro        1- 

gro        <^ — i 

kro       c — i 

tro 

thro 

thro 

shro 

shrod 


I 


brom 


gi-onv 


1. 


80 


The  Vn  Hook 


shrub 

slirub 

drug 

drug 

shrug 

shrug 

drudge 

druj 

grudge 

giuj 

truck 

truk 

drum 

drum 

crurab 

krum 

thjujii 

thrum 

crutch 

kruch 

brush 

brush 

brush 

thrush 

biusque 

brusk 

l>rook 

bruk 

troy 

troi 

broil 

broil 

brow 

brou 

prow- 

prou 

crowd 

kroud 

pioud 

proud 

growl 

groul 

grouse 

grous 

crouch 

krouch 

drouth 

drouth 

Spr  Hook 


spray 

stray 

scrape 

strange 

scrag 

scrap 

strap 

scratch 

sprang 

straw 

scrawl 

sprawl 

streak 

scream 

stream 

screech 

spread 

stress 

sti-etch 

strength 

spry 

scribe 

strike 

stripe 


spr  a 

stra 

skrap 

stranj 

skrag 

skrap 

strap 

skrach 

sprang 

stra 

skrawl 

spral 

strek 

skrem 

strem 


I  r 


skrech       ,/ 

spred       ^ 

stres        \ 

strech 

stren 

spii 

skrib       ^^ 

strik         \_ 

strip 


ength   L/ 


1 


V 


sprig 
strick 
scrim 
scrip 
strip 
spring 
strmg 
scringe 
springe 
strow 
strode 
stroke 
scroll 
stroll 
strop 
strong 
screw 
sprew 
strew 
spruce 
scrub 
scrunch 
sprung- 
strung 


sprig 

strik 

skrim 

skrip 

strip 

spring 

string 

skrinj 

sprinj 

stro 

strod 

strok 

skrol 

strol 

strop 

strong 

skro 

spro 

stro 

spr-os 

skrub 

skrunch 


sprung 
strung 


1 


88 


Pl  Grammalogles 


I.  Written  above  the  Line 
apply at  all 


call 


2.   VV^ritten  on  the  Line 
able     \  deliver-ed       I  cqual-ly   c 

glory      <. delivery  I  glorify-ied 

o.  Written  through  the  Line 
till .  r .  belief,  believe-d     ...SL^.- ...evil,   ..  (^ 

Pr  Grammalogues 


more. 
nor_ 


L  Written  above  the  Line 

Scripture 


.Doctor. 


1 


.remark-GtL 


oven 


^ 


.  larger. 


7 


X!hristian-ity. 


Jiberty_ 


\ 


for      ^ 
from    ^ 


dear 
care 
near 
chair 

sure_ 
true_ 


1 


7 
3. 


2.  Written  on  the  Line 
Mr,  mere        ^~n     .r-x 
their,  there      )         ) 
they  are  ) 

pleasure  J 

member  'X 

remember-ed     \ 

W^ritten  throuo'h  the  Line 
numbei'-ed 


^ 


.principal-ly. 


very 
ever 
every 
other  V 
truth  1 
strength      ] 

durin.^-       | 


howevei' 


cheer. 


-y2 —  threw,  through-^) ') — principle 

83 


^ 


SENTEATCES. 

TO   BE    WRITTEN   IX   SHOKTHAXD. 

Blanche  Blake  bought  six  bushels  of  large  apples 
for  two  dollars,  and  Belle  Black  bought  eight  bushels 
of  pears  for  four  dollars. 

Ethel  and  Eliza  Clyde  are  in  Florida  with  Mabel 
Oakley.  The  people  are  pleased  with  them  because 
they  make  candy  for  the  boys'  picnic. 

Claude  Blair  and  Clare  Clark  are  in  the  same 
class.    They  like  ])lay  too  well  to  study  lessons. 

The  clock  struck  three.  Bruce  Jeffryes  and  Tracey 
Glover  took  their  books  home,  ate  some  cake  and  an 
apple,  and  were  at  the  ball  match  in  time  to  play 
the  game. 

Crows  troiible  the  farmers,  who  make  scarecrows 
to  keep  the  pests  away  from  their  farms.  The  crows 
caw  and  caw,  and  fly  away. 

Farmer  Brewster  has  thirty  large  cherry  trees.  In 
summer,  he  sells  the  cherries  to  city  grocers.  In  the 
fall  he  sells  peaches,  apples  and  pears  to  the  same 
people.  To  other  grocers  he  sells  milk,  eggs,  butter, 
cheese  and  other  produce  from  his  farm. 

Frank  Granger  and  his  brother  Fred  broke  off 
branches  from  the  tree  that  grew  by  the  brook.  They 
crossed  the  strong  bridge  over  the  creek  and  saw  three 
French  boys  on  the  road  to  Granby.  All  took  a  long 
trip  through  the  woods  to  the  lake  to  fish,  sail  and 
swim  until  sunset. 

"Home,  home !  Sweet,  sweet  home ! 
Be  it  ever  so  humble. 
There's  no  place  like  home.'" 

—J.  H.  Payne. 
8-i 


Final  Hook  Consonants 


F  AND  V  Hook  N  Hook 

Name    Sii^n     Letters      As  in       Name    Sign      Letters     As  in 


Pef  \. 

Bef  V) 

Tef  I 

Def  I 

Chef  / 

Jef  / 

Kef  —3 

Gev  -^ 

Ref  y 

Wef  o^ 

Yef  y 

Hef  y 

Fen  C 
Yen  L 
Thin  L 
Then  C 
Sen  ) 
Zen      ) 


bf 
tf 
df 
ehf 

jf 

kf 

gv 
rf 
wf 

yf 

hf 

fn 

vn 

thn 

thn 

sn 


puff       Pen  \ 

buff       Ben  N 

tough    Ten  J 

deaf      Den  J 

chaff     Chen  J 

Jeff       Jen  J 

cuff       Ken  — ; 

Gen  — 

Ren 


gave 
roof 


woof     Wen 


pn 
bn 
tn 
dn 
chn 

j» 
kn 

gn 

in 

wn 


yaff       Yen     cr  yn 

hoof      Hen     <s^  hn 

N  Hook  Curves 

fine        Shen    cJ  shn 

vine       Zhen    <J  zhn 

thigh     Men     '— ^  mn 

thy        Nen     ^- — '  nn 

assign    Ingen  >— ^  ngn 

zone      Len       f  In 
85 


pun 

bun 

twine 

dine 

chain 

Jane 

cane 

gain 

run 

won 

yawn 

hone 

shine 

moon 
noon 
Bingen 
fallen 


THE  FINAL  F  OK  V  HOOK. 

A  small  final  hook  named  "Pef/'  written  on  the 
circle  s  or  right  hand  side  of  straight  downstrokes, 
on  the  npper  side  of  A;  and  g  and  upstrokes,  repre- 
sents the  final  sound  of  F  or  V. 

The  F  or  Y  hooks  cannot  he  added  to  curves.  Cir- 
cle s  may  he  added  to  this  F  or  V  hook ;  it  must  he 
written  inside  the  hook,  and  so  that  the  hook  may 
be  clearly  seen.  Circle  Ses  and  loops  Stee  and  Ster 
are  too  large  to  he  written  inside  of  the  n  and  / 
hooks.  For  this  reason,  nsez,  nst,  nster  require  the 
stroke  u  with  the  large  circle  or  loop,  when  follomng 
a  curved  consonant:  as  in  lances,  fences,  monster. 

The  F  or  V  hook  may  be  used  medially  when  it 
makes  an  easy  and  clear  joining  with  the  following 
stroke. 

When  a  final  vowel  follows  a  final  f  ov  v  sound  use 
stroke  /  or  v  and  not  the  hook. 

PEOVEEBS. 

No  pains,  no  gains.    No  cross,  no  crown. 
He  that  would  thrive,  must  rise  at  five. 
He  that  hath  thriven  may  lie  till  seven. 
Small  service  is  true  service  while  it  lasts. 

SENTENCES. 

Nathan  Brown  and  John  Green  are  full  of  grief. 
They  drove  fast  to  catch  the  half-past  five  train  for 
Penn  Grrove;  they  ran  into  an  old  stone  fence  and 
upset  their  team  and  their  plans. 

86 


F  OK  V  Hooks 


wait* 

waf 

t^'* 

cliafe 

chaf 

/• 

gave 

gav 

— i 
• 

cave 

kav 

• 

pave 
rave 

pav 

rav 

wave 

wav 

c^. 

waive 

wav 

^ 

brave 

brav 

X 

grave 

grav 

• 

crave 
chaff 

krav 
chaf 

-y- 

calf 

kaf 

• 

cough 

kaf 

-> 
1 

r 

trough 

traf 

beef 

bef 

\- 

(leaf 

(lef 

I. 

reef 

ref 

^' 

chief 

chef 

/. 

brief 

bref 

\. 

grief 

gref 

(V 

breve 

brev 

X. 

sleeve    slev       6  V. 


I 


weave  wev 

deaf  def 

chef  shef 

clef  kief     --r 

dive  div        ^  ^ 

hive  hiv       <^ 

drive  driv 

tiff  tif        L 

cliff  klif 

dove  dov 

cove  kov 


L 


I- 


rove    rov       -^ 


wove  wov 

clove  klov 

drove  drov 

grove  grov 

doffs  dofs 

trough  trof 

I'oofs  rofs      ^^ 

woof  wof 

proof  prof 


h 


1^'  ou   \   Hooks 


bull"    l)uf       \) 
cuff   kiiC       -^ 
iniifis    milt's 


I 


putt's  j)ut's         \s 

lutls  lut's  ^ 

rough  iiil'  Xf 

tougli  tut'  u 

grutt'  glut'  «^ 

bluH"  blut'  ^ 

tluti"  tlut' 

doves  (luvz  b 

gloves  gluvz 


strife  strif  (^^ 

strive  striv  l  v 

strove  sti'ov       i 
z'dvi 


scart 
dwart 
sert 
suit 
tuit 
carve    karv 
serve    serv 
swerve    swerv 


zait'       V^ 

slvaif    9 /J 

dwarf    ly^ 
serf 


serf 
terf 


^ 


\> 


THE  FINAL  N  HOOK. 

The  N  hook,  named  Pen,  is  a  small  final  hook 
added  to  all  letters,  whether  single,  hooked,  circled 
or  looped,  to  represent  the  sound  of  final  n. 

No  vowel  can  be  placed  to  or  read  after  the  71 
hook. 

The  n  hook  is  written  on  the  left  hand  or  r  side  of 
straight  downstrokes  (opposite  the  circle  s  side)  ;  on 
the  under  side  of  h  and  y  and  straight  upstrokes; 
and  on  the  inside  of  curves. 

Circle  S,  Ses,  Stee  and  Ster  may  be  added  to  the 
n  hook  by  changing  the  hook  into  a  small  or  a  large 
circle,  or  into  a  small  or  a  large  loop;  as  in  pains, 
trances,  glanced,  punster. 

In  the  n  hook  at  the  end  of  curves,  circle  s  or  z, 
can  be  written,  but  not  Ses,  Stee  or  Ster. 

The  n  hook  may  be  used  medially  when  it  will 
make  a  good  joining  with  the  following  letters ;  as  in 
finish,  ransom. 

Between  two  consonants  a  small  circle  stands  for 
s  and  cannot  represent  ns,  which  requires  the  hook 
and  the  circle. 

The  stroke  u  and  not  the  hook  must  be  used  when 
a  final  vowel  that  is  sounded  follows  n;  as  in  many, 
funny. 

After  a  curved  consonant  the  stroke  n  and  circle 
s  must  be  used  for  anse,  ense,  inse,  ance,  ence,  and 
ince.  Exception :  When  I  follows  another  consonant, 
— as  in  l)alance, — use  the  hook  and  circle. 

8hn  when  written  upward  and  In  when  written 
dowmward  should  never  stand  alone.  They  would  be 
mistaken  for  sJir  and  irl  respectively. 

89 


The  N   Hook 


bane 

deign 

feign 

fain 

fane 

gain 

jean 

cane 

lane 

lain 

mane 

main 

pain 

pane 

rain 

rein 

reioii 

vain 

vane 

wain 

wane 

chain 


ban 

dan 

fan 

foil 

fon 

gan 

jan 

kan 

Ian 

Ian 

man 

man 

pan 

pan 

ran 

ran 

ran 

van 

van 

wan 

wan 

chan 


J- 


brain 
di'ain 


gram 


crane 

train 

ban 

fan. 

khan 

man 

pan 

ran 

tan 

van 

than 

clan 

plan 

bran 

dawn 

fawn 

faiin 

lawn 

pawn 


bian 

dran 

gran 

kran 

tian 

ban 

fan 

kan 

man 

pan 

ran 

tan 

van 

than 

klan 

plan 

bran 

dan 

fan 

flm 

Ian 

pan 


3- 


^  •  -> 

1. 


J' 

s 

'. 3 


J' 


J' 

c 
c 


90 


bean 

dean 

keen 

lean 

lien 

mean 

mien 

mesne 

ween 

wean 

glean 

clean 

green 

den 

fen 

hen 

ken 

men 

pen 

wren 

ten 


ben 

den 

ken 

len 

len 

men 

men 

men 

wen 

wen 

glen 

klen 

gren 

den 

fen 

hen 

ken 

men 

pen 

ren 

ten 


J. 

D 

n 


J  • 


The  N  Hook 

dine  din 

fine  fin 

line  lin 

mine  min 

nine  nin 

pine  pin 

vine  vin 

wine  win 

twine  twin 

thine  thin 

shine  shin 

brine  brin 

bin  bin 

pin  pin 

tin  tin 

win  win 

chin  chin 

shin  shin 

thin  thin 


grm    grin 


J 


c 


V 


V 


6 

J. 
V 


J. 

/ 
J 


bone    bon       >> 


91 


moan 

mown 

known 

tone 

zone 

slione 

shown 

drone 

groan 

grown 

crone 

prone 

throne 

thrown 

gone 

wan 

yon 

boon 

coon 

loon 

moon 

noon 

prune 

tune 


mon 

nion 

non 

ton 

zon 

shon 

shon 

dron 

gron 

gron 

kron 

pron 

thron 

thron 

gon 

won 

yon 

bon 

kon 

Ion 

mon 

non 

pron 

tun 


J. 


y 


L 


The  N  Hook 

bun 

dun 

fun 

gun 

none 

nun 

pun 

run 

tun 

ton 

won 

one 

shun 

down 

gown 

noun 

town 

clown 

brown 

drown 

frown 

crown 

join 

coin 

9-3 


J- 


J- 


bun 

dun 

fun 

gun 

nun 

nun 

pun 

run 

tun 

tun 

wun 

wun 

shun     <Vn 

doun    J  A 

goun         ^ 

noun    ^—^ 

A 

toun     J^ 
kloun 
broun  '^z 
droun  ]^ 

froun  ^^A 
kroun  c — ^ 
join  {/ 

koin     ^    ^ 


A 


bairn 

cairn 

tairn 

barn 

darn 

tarn 

yarn 

born 

corn 

lorn 

morn 

thorn 

earn 

urn 

burn 

fern 

learn 

turn 

yearn 

churn 

borne 

mourn 


barn 

karn 

tarn 

barn 

darn 

tarn 

yarn 

barn 

karn 

larn 

niarn 

tharn 

ern 

ern 

bern 

fern 

lorn 

tern 

yern 

chern 

born 

morn 


Tmi;  N  Hook  and  Xs 


l 


y 


V- 


o 


v^ 


x^ 


manse 

dance 

lance 

chance 

glance 

prance 

trance 

dense 

fence 

sense 

tense 

thence 

mince 

rinse 

since 

wince 

pi'ince 

dunce 

once 

ounce 

bounce 

Hounce 
93 


J 


J- 


^ 


prms 

duns 

wuns 

ouns 

bouns 

tlouns 


]> 

^ 


splay  spla        x 

splayed  splad    ^     ^. 

splash  splash  ^ 

splice  splis    \o 


Spl  Hook,  Etc. 

spliced  splist     ^^ 

splotch  sploch    N 

splunge  splunj  ^-Ly 

splurge  splurj  \j>/ 


Grammalogues 


hish./^ 


while 


(7 


.  Above  the  Line 
0,  oh,  owe -. 


tell  I 

whether      C/ 
well,  will    0 


\ 


to-day 

to-morrow  ^—^y, 
yesterday    <^ 
Sunday  ^^' 
Monday     "       \' 
Tuesday        ^ 
Wednesday  <y^' 
Thursday    cT 
Friday      _    '   ^. 
Saturday  V\ 


impoi'tant 

2.  On  the  Line 
Saviour        v_ 
themselves  \D 
phonography  V;> 

Time  Wokds 

seasons    J^^p 

minutes 

hourly  ^ 

daily 

weekly 

monthly 

yearly 

century 

January  l_^ 

February 


importance 
significance 


improve-d  ^ 
improvement 
improvements 


September  ^ — ^ 

October         /\, 

November  ^~"V 

December  1 — ^ 


94 


EK\  li:\V.— L.  i;.  \  AXI>  F  TTOOKS 

A     HOOK    MAY    BK    ADDED    TO    ALL 

.Straight  stroke  consonants  and  to  some  curved  for  "].'' 
Straiglit  stroke  consonants  and  to  some  curved  for  "r." 
Consonant  strokes,  whether  straight  or  curved  for  '"n." 
Straight  stroke  consonants  only,  for  "/  or  v." 

Name  Position 

The  1  hook  Initial,  medial  or  final. 

The  r  hook  Initial,  medial  or  final. 

The  n   hook  Final  or  medial,  only. 

The  f  or  v  hook    Final  or  medial,  only. 
(Fl,  vL  ihl.  ilic-L  fr.  rr.  thr.  fhc-r.  have  two  forms.) 

Whex  S  is  Prefixed  to  Hook 

1 — the  circle  must  be  shown  within  the  hook, 
r — close  the  hook,  thus  making  it  a  circle. 

Whex  S  is  Added  to  Hook 

n — straight  strokes — change  the  hook  into  a  circle, 
n — curved  strokes — write  the  circle  within  the  hook, 
f  or  V — write  the  circle  inside  of  the  hook. 
Stee,  Str  and  Ses  can  not  he  used  with  n  or  f  hooks. 

Letters  Xot  Hooked  for 

1— S,  Z,  Zh,  Xg,  Lay,  El,  Ray.  Ar,  Way,  Yay.  Hay. 
r — S,  Z,  Lay,  El,  Ray,  Ar,  Way,  Yay,  Hay. 
n — (All  consonants  may  be  hooked  for  n.) 
f  or  V — All  curved  stroke  consonants. 

Sentences  for  Shorthand 

Last  summer  Andrew  Sherman  read  three  books 
of  travel.  At  Christmas,  he  gave  them  to  !Milton 
Fletcher,  to  place  in  the  village  librarv  in  Stratton. 

95 


THE  -TIOX  HOOK. 
Rules  for  Writing  -tion. 

The  termination  -tion,  spelled  tian,  cian,  sian,  Gion, 
shion,  is  shown  by  a  large  final  hook.  When  it  fol- 
lows a  curved  letter  it  is  written  in  the  curve  like  the 
final  11  hook.  It  may  be  written  on  either  side  of  a 
straight  consonant.  When  it  follows  a  simple 
straight  consonant  the  hook  is  written  opposite  the 
last  vowel. 

After  a  straight  letter  which  has  an  initial  hook, 
circle  or  loop,  or  which  springs  from  a  curve,  the 
-Tion  hook  is  written  on  the  opposite  side  to  keep  the 
letter  straight;  as  in  attrition,  repletion. 

After  t,  d,  or  j,  not  beginning  with  a  hook,  circle 
or  loop,  the  -Tion  hook  is  written  on  the  right  of  the 
stroke  without  respect  to  the  vowel. 

The  -Tion  hook  may  be  used  medially  when  it 
makes  a  good  joining  with  the  following  letter;  na- 
tionally, fashionable. 

When  two  distinct  vowels  occur  immediately  be- 
fore -Tion  hook,  write  stroke  sli  and  the  n  hook;  as 
in  tuition,  situation,  valuation. 

After  circle  s  or  ns,  -Tion  is  shown  by  continuing 
the  circle  to  the  opposite  side  of  the  stroke  forming 
a  back  hook;  as  in  transition,  possession.  This  may 
also  be  used  medially.  Circle  S  may  be  added  by 
writing  the  circle  within  the  -Tion  hook;  as  in 
rations,  stations. 

The  back  -Tion  hook  is  vocalized  by  writing  the 
third  place  vowel  within  or  at  the  end  of  the  hook, 
and  the  second  place  vowel  outside  of  the  hook; 
position ;  posession. 

96 


GUAMMALOGUES    AND    CONTRACTIONS 


Final  Hook  Gkammalogues 

1.  Written  above  tlie  Line 
Iiappen___^ ofteii__::l approve 


2.  Written  on  the  Line 

upon     ^^ opinion      v,  j> never. 

hnftn      Ns lieaven L^ above     N) 

fionn       vl 2;eneral iL. iidvantaffe L — 


nnp     ,y^         ofncriilly    </ which  haVC — C— 

3.  Wi'itten  through  tlie  Line 
flown       I .within L difficult | 


nven      (    i-eligion — ^ tliliiculty  _J 

-TiON  Hook  Contractions 


.seetion_£=r^__inforniation_^;:r_ subscription  ^»— 9- 

nntion  -^^  D      destruction J resurrection^ 

session  c)  publication  \      _transiJi-ession^ 

objection    V      transniissionJrr^representation 


^^ 


V^ 


or 


Additional  Double  Consonants 


Name  Si<Mi  Letters  As  in 


Kway 

r 

kw 

quick 

Gway 
Wei 

r" 

gw 
wl 

guano 
will 

Whel 

(T 

whl 

whale 

Whay 
Ler 

r 

wh 
Ir 

whei'c 
feeler 

Rer 

^ 

ri' 

darer 

Emp 

^-^ 

m}) 

damp 

Einb 

^^ 

mb 

embalm 

Empr 

<r^\ 

mpr 

scamper 

Embr 

<j-v 

Notes 

mbr 

iMmbei- 

1.  In  id  and  ichl  the  hook  is  read  first;  as  In  will, 
whale. 

2.  The  sti'oke  and  not  the  hook  is  used  when  a 
vowel  pi'ecedes  «?  or  wh;  as  in  awhile. 

3.  The  remaining  double  consonants  are  vocalized 
in  the  same  manner  as  the  single  consonants. 

4.  Ler  and  Rer  are  used  for  the  terminations  ler 
and  rer  only.  Separate  letters  are  written  when  other 
vowels  occur;  as  in  failure  juror;  or  when  a  voXvel 
follows;  as  in  raillery,  gallery,  orrery. 

5.  The  double  consonant  Emp  is  hooked  for  nvpr 

and  nihr. 

98 


Additioxal  Double  Consonants 


quako 

quail 

quaff 
quack 
qualm 
(juawk 
queeu 
que(3r 
quest 

quell 

queueh 

choir 

quire 

quid 
quick 

quill 
quince 

quip 
quitch 

quiz 

quoth 

quirk 

quoif 

quoin 


kwak  C_ — 
kwal       Y 
kwaf    C — :^ 
kwak   C 


kwani  c 
kwak  <^ 
kwen  C 
kwer 

kwest  c ^ 

c 

kwel 

kwench^      ^ 

C 
kwir 


guan 

Guelph 

guib 


guano 


skwal 
skwani 


skwar 
skwal     '  / 


skwa 
skwak    I 


I 


skwek    ^- 


skwel     J^ 
skwez     ^ — 


A 


skwelch  e_/V 
skwib  ^  S» 
skwid  .1 

skwil        \r 

e       ^ • 

skwinch  / 

e 

skwerni         V- 


skwir 


^ 


skwab  \ 

^ — , 

skwad     ^     I 
skwosh 


Additional  Double  Consonajs'ts 


(wl) 

wail  wal 

wale  wal 

wall  wal 

waul  wal 

weal  wel 

weald  weld 

wealth  welth 

weld  weld 

well  wel 

wile  wil 

will  wil 

wool  will 

wolf  Wlllf 

woold  wiild 

(whl)    C~ 

whale  hwal 

wheal  hwel 

wheel  hwel 

whelk  hwelk 

whelm  hwelm 

whelp  hwelp 

while  hwil 

whilst  hwilst 


n 

n 

r 
r 


(wh) 
where   hwar 
whey  hwa 
whack   hwak 
wheeze   hwez 
whence   liwens 
whine   Invin 
whift'  hwif 
whig   hwig 
whim    hwim 
whin   hwin 
whip   liwip 
whir   hwer 
whirl   hwerl 
whisk   hwisk 
whisp   hmsp 
whist   hwist 
whiz   hwiz 
wharf  hwarf 
wliarves   hwarvz 
whap    hwojD 
whop    hwop 
whoii   hwerl 
whort   hwert 


100 


Additional  Double  Consonants 


damp 

gamp 

camp 

lamp 

samp 

vamp 

champ 

scamp 

clamp 

cramp 

tramp 

stamp 

hemp 

imp 

gimp 

limp 

skimp 

crimp 


damp 

gamp 

kamp 

lamp 

samp 

vamp 

champ 

skamp 

klamp 

kramp 

tramp 

stamp 

hemp 

imp 

gimp 

limp 

skimp 

krimp 


.    L    ^ 


):•- 


primp 

shrimp 

scrimp 

pomp 

romp 

swamp 

bump 

dump 

hump 

jump 

lump 

pump 

thump 

clump 

plump 

trump 

stump 

mumps 


101 


z    ^   ^ 


1^' 


A 


THE  ASPIRATE. 

Foi;r  signs  are  used  to  represent  the  Aspirate: 
the  downward  stroke,  the  upward  stroke,  the  tick 
and  the  dot. 

1.  The  Downward  Stroke,  called  Aitch,  is  used 
when  h  is  the  only  consonant  in  the  word ;  when  it  is 
followed  by  I-  or  g;  or  when  it  makes  the  best  joining. 

2.  The  Upicard  Stroke,  called  Hay,  is  generally 
used  when  h  is  followed  by  a  downstroke,  a  straight 
upstroke,  the  curves  n  and  g,  or  by  a  circle,  loop  or 
hook. 

3.  Tick  H,  written  downward,  is  used  initially, 
and  is  always  read  first.  It  is  prefixed  to  the  stroke 
signs  for  s,  m,  I  and  r.  The  word,  smaller^  will  aid 
in  remembering  these  letters.  The  tick  may  be  pre- 
fixed to  any  double  consonant  with  which  it  will 
make  an  easy,  clear  joining. 

4.  Dot  H  is  placed  before  the  vowel  to  be  aspirated. 
It  may  also  be  used  instead  of  stroke  h,  to  shorten 
an  outline. 

SENTENCES. 

Helen  Hope  took  her  new  harp  to  the  Hilltop 
House  to  play  some  old  songs  for  Hannah  Hall,  who 
gave  her  a  box  of  honey  in  the  comb,  to  carry  home 
to  her  sick  brother. 

Harris  Hatch  paid  no  heed  to  the  advice  of  his 

cousin  Henry.     He  rode  his  horse  too  fast  on  the 

way  to  Hawksville,  and  fell  off  into  a  heap  of  snow. 

He  struck  his  head  on  a  huge  lump  of  ice.     How  he 

did  howl  for  help !     No  harm  came  to  the  old  horse, 

and  Harris  soon  got  well. 

103 


TuE  As 

['IRATE 

(Downward  II) 

(Upward  H) 

hay 

ha        /. 
hag      Z. 

hang   hang        d'^^""^ 

hag 

hank 

hangk  d^'^"'^ 

hah 

ha         / 

iiash 

hash       <7 

hack 

hak        Z_ 

hasp 

hasp        ^3     \ 

ha-ha 
haw 

ha-ha     a{ 
ha         V- 

hatch 
haunch 

hach         ^5:/ 
hanch    <^  / 

hawk 

liak    Z- 

hawed 

had      c<^ 

hie 

hi        /v 

head 

hed             ^ 

hoe 
hoax 

ho         ^^ 
hoks     /!— 0 

heap 
heartli 

hep     '^^  ^ 
harth           ^  ^ 

hog 

hog      ZZ 

heath 

heth     (^ 
hev             ^^ 

who 

ho    /    ;? 

heave 

hew 

hu        Z 

hedge 

hej     0-7 

hue 

hu          A 

hen 

hen       c5"^^^ 

hug 

hug    2i^ 

hence 

hens      cf^"^^ 

hook 

huk       7  ' 

hewn 

hun        c^"^ 

hoy 

hoi     /- 
Hu       ^ 

hide 

hid        <1 

Hugh 

hitch 

hich            cr/ 

soho 

soho        d" 

11         /^       9 
koher             '  / 

haser   o^^ 

hinge 

hinj    <<^ 

cohere 
hawser 

hip 
hive 

hip     ^^ 

hiv             ^ 

mohair 

mohar            'z^ 

hod 

hod  <^ 

unhook 

unhuk    ^/  1 

hone 

hon      c5^ 

103 


The  Aspirate 

hood    hud    c^  helve   helv         /'v. 

hoof  hof     <r^>  hem   hem 


hoop    hup     <5"^  her   her 

whoop    hop    c^\  hire    hh 


hope    hop    <^^  hiss  his             •) 

hove    hov    6\  horse  hars           ^^ 

hub    hub     c5^  hole  hoi  >^ 

huff  huf     <5<^  whole  hoi  '^'' 

huge    huj      cCv  home  horn  >^-^ 

hush    hush  (^  horn  harn  '   o 

husk   husk   c5'<^  hose  hoz  "V 

(Tick  H)  whom  horn  >— ^ 

hail    hal      /^^  hulk  hulk  /^, 

liair   har       •^  humph  humf 

haze   haz      •)  hurl  herl 

y  A 

hark    hark     ^> —  howl  houl  /''" 

harm   harm  ■    v— s  hymn  him  ^ — ^' 

harp   harp    ^\^  huzza  huzza  v 

harsh   harsh      j  (Dot  H)  ^,, 

hall   hal         A~  halve  hav 

hear   her     ^  halves  liavs  '\o 

health   helth   /^  hath  hath  (     ( 

helm   helm  /--^^  handy  hande  ^. 

help   help    /''^  happiest  happiest  '  ^ 

104 


THE   HALVING    rUlNCU'LE 

Light  consonant  strokes  are  made  half  their  usual 
length  to  indicate  the  addition  of  t.  Heavy  conso- 
nont  strokes  are  made  half  their  usual  length  to  in- 
dicate the  addition  of  d. 

Consonants  with  final  hooks,  when  halved,  add 
cither  t  or  d;  as  fount,  found;  mount,  mound. 

When  a  consonant  precedes  or  follows,  a  halved 
letter  adds  eitlier  ^  or  cZ;  rei)eated,  beautiful. 

The  four  letters  m,  n,  I  and  downward  r  are  halved 
for  t;  as  in  met,  net,  let,  art.  They  are  halved  and 
thickened  to  add  cZ;  as  in  made,  need,  old,  hard. 

COM  AND  -ING 

The  prefix  com  or  con  is  expressed  by  a  light  dot 
written  before  the  first  consonant. 

The  suffix  -ing  is  generally  shown  by  the  stroke 
Ing,  and  -iiigs  by  the  stroke  Ing  and  circle  s ;  facing, 
facings;  evening,  evenings. 

When  it  is  inconvenient  to  use  the  Ing  stroke, 
-ing  is  expressed  by  placing  a  light  dot  at  the  end 
of  the  word,  and  -ings  is  shown  by  a  light  dash; 
hoping,  tying,  morning,  mornings. 

QUOTATIONS 

TO    BE   WRITTEN    IN    SHORTHAND 

Lost  time  can  never  be  found  again. 
A  green  and  sunny  glade  amid  the  woods. 
Eise  with  the  lark,  and  with  the  lark  to  bed. 
■  The  clear,  bright  light  of  the  old  moon. 
They  also  serve  who  only  stand  and  wait. 
Pride  is  as  loud  a  beggar  as  want. 

105 


I 

(Jot. 

rsONANTI 

3 
VND 

D 

Ialyed 

FOR   T    . 

Name 

Sign, 

For 

As  in 

Name 

Si^n 

For 

As  in 

Pet 

X 

pt 

pat 

Fet 

t:- 

ft 

foot 

Bed 

N 

bd 

bad 

Ved 

Vl 

vd 

void 

Tet 

1- 

tt 

tight 

Thet 

(• 

tht 

thought 

Ded 

1- 

dd 

died 

Thed 

c- 

thd 

that 

Chet 

/. 

cht 

chat 

Set 

)• 

St 

east 

Jed 

/ 

jd 

jade 

Zed 

) 

zd 

zed 

Ket 

... 

kt 

cat 

Shet 

J. 

sht 

shot 

Ged 

_ 

gd 

good 

Zhed 

J. 

zhd 

treasured 

Wet 

u: 

wt 

wit 

Rayt 

■^ 

rt 

dart 

Yet 

<^ 

yt 

yet 

Hayt 

<^' 

ht 

height 

Light  Half  Curves 

Heavy  Half  Curves 

Met 

^ 

mt 

mate 

Med 

'TS 

md 

made 

]^et 

v--* 

nt 

neat 

Ned 

■^ 

nd 

ueed 

Let 

r 

It 

bolt 

Led 

c 

Id 

bold 

Art 

^ 

rt 

hart 

Ard 

^ 

rd 

hard 

N* 

\ 

, 

1 

/■        /• 

_          o^ 

<^ 

r 

^        ^ 

<s:_ 

)• 

> 

\' 

J. 

J 

^      ^ 

O 

^     r 

1 

/• 

/ 

# 

—           o^ 

r^ 

•"-^ 

•^ 

k 

(-■        (; 

106 


TiiK  IIalmncx  Principle 


fate 

fat 

c 

feet 

fet 

O 

hale 

hat 

^ 

peat 

pet 

\« 

pUitc 

plat 

^ 

heat 

het 

(T* 

skate 

skat 

• 

cheat 

chet 

/. 

slate 

slat 

^ 

sheet 

shet 

J 

• 

freight 

frat 

-T 

treat 

tret 

1. 

crate 

krat 

• 

fleet 

flet 

O 

pi'ate 

prat 

-< 

pleat 

plet 

^« 

strait 

strat 

V 

sleet 

slet 

r- 

trait 

trat 

1« 

wheat 

hwet 

c^. 

fot 

fat 

C 

street 

stret 

1. 

hat 

hat 

(T 

wet 

wet 

i^ 

cat 

kat 

• 

whet 

hwet 

Cy< 

pat 

pat 

fret 

fret 

"^ 

chat 

chat 

/• 

threat 

thret 

> 

flat 

flat 

e: 

fight 

fit 

^^ 

plat 

plat 

< 

height 

hit 

cTv' 

plait 

plat 

^ 

kite 

kit 

V 

slat 

slat 

^ 

tight 

tit 

Iv 

sprat 

spi-at 

^ 

flight 

flit 

e^^ 

fought 

I'at 

c 

plight 

plit 

<xV 

caught 

kat 

( 

slight 

slit 

c^ 

taught 

tat 

r 

fright 

frit 

^v 

Taught 

frat 

spright 
107 

sprit 

OyV 

The  IIalvinc;  Principle 


trite 

trit 

1v 

hit 

hit 

(T 

wit 

wit 

(y^- 

flit 

flit 

e 

twit 

twit 

iy. 

whit 

hwit 

c/- 

coat 

kot 

( 

float 

flot 

e- 

throat 

throt 

v 

cot 

kot 

/ 

yacht 

yot 

shot 

shot 

J- 

spot 

spot 

< 

slot 

slot 

C. 

trot 

trot 

r 

hoot 

hot 

€^ 

shoot 

shot 

J 

chute 

shot 

J 

cute 

kut 

r\ 

flute 

flut 

e- 

fruit 

ti-ot 

^^ 

hut 

hut 

^^ 

shout 

shout  J 

A 

trout 

trout 

1a 

blade 

blad 

V 

glade 

glad 

• 

braid 

brad 

'V 

grade 

grad 

• 

bad 

bad 

N. 

glad 

glad 

broad 

brad 

'\ 

bead 

bed 

\« 

deed 

ded 

1. 

bleed 

bled 

'v- 

breed 

bred 

<x* 

greed 

gred 

^. 

dead 

ded 

1. 

bread 

bred 

% 

dread 

dred 

r 

bi'ide 

bi-id 

'V/ 

guide 

gid 

■^ 

glide 

glid 

V 

bid 

bid 

\ 

bode 

bod 

V 

goad 

god 

T 

brood 

brod 

'^^ 

bud 

bud 

V 

blood 

blud 

V 

108 


The  Halving  Prlvciple 


(It) 

late   lat 

lit   lit 

lot   lot 

lute   hit 

loot   lot 

slit   slit 

(mt) 

mat   mat 

mate   mat 

meat  met 

mete   met 

mite   mit 

mitt   mit 

moat   mot 

mote   mot 

mute   mut 

smite   smit 

smote   smot 

(nt) 

gnat   nat 

■naught   nat 

nought   nat 

neat  net 


r- 

C 


V 


net   net  ^ 

night    nit  >^. 

knight   nit  ^^ 

knit   nit  --^. 

note   not  ^ 

knot    not  /^-^ 

nut   nut  ^ 

newt   nut  ^-^ 

knout   nout  '^ ;. 

(md)  /-^ 

made    mad  ^ 

maid   mad  t^ 

mead   mod  '^ 

• 

meed   med  ■^ 

• 

mad  mad  ^ 

mid   mid  ^ 

mode   mod  -t^ 

mood   mod  —s 

mud    mud  ^ 

(nd)  w 

need  ned  ^ 

kneed  ned  "^ 

node  nod  >*- 

nod  nod  .*^ 


109 


The  Halving  Principle 


L 


4ift    aft  act  akt         *~ 

haft    haft     ^r  packed  pakt        >— 

raft   raft    ^  tact  takt        L 

waft   waft  <^  bract  brakt      \- 

shaft   shaft  -^-^  tract  trakt       L 

draft   draft     *'  strict  strikt       L 

graft   graft  r^  duct  dukt 

craft   kraft  r^  apt  apt 

left   left     (^  rapt  rapt 

weft   weft    ^  wrapped  rapt 

theft   theft   \_  kept  kept 

cleft   kleft    s^  wept  wept 

gift   gift     -i  slept  slept 

lift   lift      r^  crept  krept 

rift   rift     -^^  swept  swept 

sift   sift      ^  crypt  kript 

swift   swift   Q,  script  skript 

drift   drift     X-  dipped  dipt        l^ 

thrift   thrift   /  hast  hast            ^ 

oft   oft           '  haste  hast      *'' 

loft   loft     C^  hist  hist        -1 

soft   soft  hissed  hist       .; 

tuft   tuft     ^~  host  host       "-* 

puffed  j)uft    ^^  hoaxed  hokst    /% 

110 


r 


9 


cr 


The  Halving  Principle 


hailed 

bald 

scald 

field 

waeld 

yield 

held 

weld 

mild 

wild 

gild 

guild 

willed 

old 

bold 

fold 

hold 

mold 

mould 

rolled 

soled 

tolled 

wold 

scold 


huld 

bald 

skald 

feld 

weld 

yeld 

held 

weld 

mild 

wild 

gild 

gild 

wild 

old 

bold 

fold 

hold 

mold 

mold 

rold 

soled 

told 

wold 

skold 


V 


V 


111 


T] 

fant 

[IE  Halving 

Princip 

'LE 

pint 

faint 

Ci 

pint 

^^ 

quaint 

kwant 

^ 

hint 

hint 

^■ 

saint 

sant 

<ii^ 

lint 

lint 

r- 

plaint   plant 

\' 

mint 

mint 

/'-i. 

ant 

ant 

^^ 

tint 

tint 

4. 

chant 

chant 

y 

squint 

skwint 

^ 

scant 

skant 

9-7 

stint 

stint 

^. 

plant  plant 

s 

flint 

flint 

C- 

slant 

slant 

c 

glint   glint 

C-, 

grant 

grant 

«-r) 

splint 

splint 

'^- 

aunt 

ant 

• 

print 

print 

'^• 

daunt 

dant 

J- 

font 

font 

C 

haunt 

hant 

<    < 

hunt 

hunt 

^. 

jaunt  jant 

y* 

wont 

wunt 

\ 

flaunt 

flant 

CT 

stunt 

stunt 

t~ 

bent 

bent 

'S 

blunt 

blunt 

S' 

lent 

lent 

r? 

brunt 

brunt 

'V 

meant 

ment 

'Ti 

front 

frunt 

pent 

pent 

V 

grunt 

grunt 

1 

rent 

rent 

-^ 

joint  joint 

jr 

■^ 

cent 

sent 

Q> 

point 

point 

<> 

tent 

tent 

J- 

count 

kount 

y\ 

vent 

vent 

VS 

fount 

fount 

<^^ 

blent 

blent 

^• 

mount 

mount 

A 

113 


The  Halving  Principle 


and 

and 

"' 

kind 

kind 

—3 

band 

band 

S 

mind 

mind 

hand 

band 

o 

rind 

rind 

^ 

sand 

sand 

i/ 

wind 

wind 

^v 

stand 

stand 

S' 

.      blind 

blind 

%^ 

bland 

bland 

s 

grind 

grind 

V 

gland   gland 

^ 

bond 

Ijond 

X 

s 

brand 

brand 

•s 

fond 

fond 

C 

gj'and 

grand 

e-9 

pond 

pond 

strand 

strand 

r 

wand 

wond 

\ 

fiend 

fend 

c^- 

blonde^ 

blond 

< 

end 

end 

ex 

frond 

frond 

^ 

bend 

bend 

S 

fund 

fund 

cr 

lend 

lend 

r 

bound 

bound 

V 

mend 

mend 

^ 

found 

found 

k." 

rend 

rend 

^ 

hound 

hound 

<^ 

tend 

tend 

\- 

mound 

mound 

wend 

wend 

(^ 

pound   pound 

\>A 

spend 

spend 

% 

round 

round 

-^ 

blend 

blend 

S»' 

sound 

sound 

A 

friend 

frend 

^' 

wound 

wound 

< 

trend 

trend 

3- 

drowned 

dround 

Oa 

bind 

bind 

V 

crowned 

kround 

A 

find 

find 

O^ 

ground 

ground 

113 


lieart 

mart 

part 

tart 

chart 

smart 

start 

sort 

sorts 

snort 

quart 

thwart 

dirt 

girt 

liurt 

shirt 

skii't 

blurt 

spui-t 

squirt 

fort 

court 

port 

sport 


The  Halving  Principle 


I 


liart 

mart 

part 

tart 

chart 

smart 

start 

sart 

sorts     'o^  o^ 

snart    ^^-^ 

kwart    '^ — ^ 

thwart   ^/^ 

(lert       l^ 


t 


O^        0-' 


^ 

^ 


geit 

hert 

shert 

skert 

blert 

spert 

skwert 

fort 

kort 

port 

sport      X^ 


/ 


bard   bard 

liard   hard 

card    kard 

hird   lard 

iiard  uard 
l)aard    pard 

sard  sard 
chard    chai-d 

cord  kard 
chord  kard 
beard    berd 

bird   berd 

gird   gerd 

herd  herd 
heard   herd 

curd   kerd 

surd  serd 
sherd  sherd  -r^ 
board  bord  ^**C^ 

ford  ford   ^^ 
gourd  gord 
hoard  hord 
horde  hord 
sword  sord 


-s 

/J 


114 


TlAr-F-TjEN'OTH  Consonant  GnAMMALOGUES 


God. 


God's_ 

not 

art 


met- 


liamL 

tliat_ 
sent_ 
eart_ 


varcL 


1 .    Written  above  tlu?  Line 

J  ^ 

don't  want 


.do  not- 


~^ 


liad  not. 
cannot  _ 


_thona"lit. 


.according- 


Q^ 


according  t(L. 


gentleman. 
.liappened— 


J 


^ 


particnlar. 


f\ 


ii: 


light- 
.after . 
.quite 
.short 


.guard . 
.chiUL- 


-tried 


.might- 
x'alletL 


r 


^ 


J) 


/> 


•. 

\.   Written  on  the 

]Jne 

yet 

<f 

meet,  meeting- 

f-\ 

trade 

1 

let 

r 

amount 

r-^ 

toward 

1 

did 

\ 

may  not 

^-^ 

did  not 

J 

cold 

c- 

wait,  weight 

tX 

told 

r 

gold 

C 

able  to 

^ 

till  it 

r 

third 

) 

build,  building 

^ 

under 

V. 

word 

^ 

went,  won't 

c^ 

could 

send 

ft-/ 

account 

5 

nature 

great 

?- 

equalled 

^ 

spirit 

f\ 

good 

— 

somewhat 

<r> 

cared 

c- 

goods 

-X) 

gentlemen 

J 

secret 

cj- 

if  it 

•^ 

opportunity 

f\ 

Avithout 

c 

THE  DOUBLE-LENGTH  PEINCTPLE. 

Curved  consonants  are  made  twice  their  usual 
length  to  indicate  the  addition  of  tr,  dr  or  tltr;  letter^ 
order,  father. 

Straight  consonants  hooked  finally  or  which  fol- 
low another  stroke,  add  only  tr  or  dr  when  made 
double-length;  j^ainter,  rector,  wonder,  nectar. 

In  a  few  common  words  a  letter  may  be  doubled 
for  the  addition  of  iure;  feature,  future,  signature, 
picture. 

The  double-length  principle  does  not  apply  to  ini- 
tial straight  strokes,  unless  they  end  with  a  hook  or 
the  circle  ns;  as,  batter,  dodder,  platter,  crater,  glider, 
bather,  which  require  the  hook  tr,  dr  or  tlir,  and  not 
the  doubling  of  the  initial  consonant. 

When  the  double-length  principle  is  used  for  the 
present  tense  of  a  verb,  the  past  tense  should  be  writ- 
ten according  to  the  halving  principle;  tender,  ten- 
dered; pamper,  pampered. 

The  double  consonant  mp  or  mh  is  doubled  for 
mpr,  mbr;  jumper,  chamber.  Ng.  is  doubled  for 
nghr  or  nggr;  shrinkcr,  longer. 

The  hooked  consonants  nipr,  mhr,  ngl'v,  nggr  are 
generally  used  for  verbs,  because  they  are  easily 
halved  for  the  past  tense;  canker,  cankered. 

When  the  double-length  is  used  for  the  verb,  the 
half-length  is  used  for  the  past  tense;  slander,  slan- 
dered. 

The  final  consonants  tr,  dr  and  thr,  are  not 
doubled  when  followed  bv  a  vowel ;  wintrv,  sundrv, 
feathery. 


116 


TiiK  Double-Length  Principle 


psalter 

further 

builders  \/    t 

grunters 

fliitters 

boarders 

shutters 

founders 

thunders 

features 

hiughter 

shrinker 

hamper 

hampered 

lumber 

lumbered 

canker   ~ 

cankered 

finger 

fingered 

tampered 

wintered 

flattery 

psaltery 


^^ 


cy^ 


n. 


117 


VOCALIZATION  OF  PL  AND  PE. 

When  it  is  necessary  to  denote  a  vowel  sound  be- 
tween two  consonants  of  the  PI  or  Pr  series,  a  small 
circle  is  placed  before  or  above  the  consonant  stroke 
to  represent  a  long  dot  vowel,  and  after  or  under  the 
consonant  stroke  for  a  short  dot  vowel. 

When  it  is  not  convenient  to  oljsorve  this  rule,  the 
circle  may  be  written  on  either  side  of  the  stroke  for 
either  a  long  or  short  vowel;  regard,  engineer. 

A  stroke  vowel  or  diphthong  is  struck  through  the 
consonant  sign ;  school,  tincture.  Single  stroke  words 
thus  vocalized  are  halved  for  either  t  or  d;  court, 
gird. 

The  first  place  dash  vowels  and  diphthongs  are 
written  at  the  beginning  of  the  consonant  stroke. 
Third  place  dash  vowels  and  diphthongs  may  be  writ- 
ten at  the  end  of  the  primary  letter. 

It  is  seldom  necessary  to  vocalize  the  pi  and  pr 
series  for  an  unaccented  vowel ;  but  when  the  vowel  is 
accented  the  consonant  mav  be  vocalized. 


SENTENCES. 

The  kind  German  nurse  took  care  of  the  little  blind 
girl  on  the  journey  to  Northwood.  The  child  was 
glad  to  see  her  father  and  mother.  When  her  brother 
Norman  came  home  from  school  he  led  her  into  the 
garden  and  helped  her  to  pick  some  Narcissus  blos- 
soms. She  was  charmed  with  their  sweet  odor.  Be- 
fore it  was  dark,  a  sharp  northeasterly  wind  began 
to  Ijlow,  and  the  children  went  back  to  the  house 
for  shelter. 

118 


VOCAM/ATION    OF     Pl    AND    Pr 


verb       ;^ 
vers      d 
skol 

iiarth     S 
chikl 


curl  kerl 

tuil  ferl 

curse  kers      '=-^ 

verse  vers 

curve  kerv    ^-t-^ 

curt  kert      ch- 

cluirch  chercli 


V 


•1° 


V 


^ 


churl  clierl 

foi'ge  iarj 

coarse  koi'S 

course  kors 

bold  bold 

cold  kold 

gold  gold 

told  told 

court  kort    cf- 

record  rekord 

regard  regard 

veneer  vener 

fixture  tikstur 

torture  tortur  ''-^^ 

culture  kultur 

figures  figurz  v~on 

nurture  nertur  "^^ 


119 


W  AND  Y  DIPHTHONGS. 

W  or  Y  followed  by  any  simple  vowel  forms  a 
diphthong,  which  is  represented  by  a  small  semi- 
circle written  in  the  same  position  as  the  simple 
vowel.  The  right  and  left  halves  of  the  circle  are 
used  for  the  iv  diphthongs ;  the  upper  and  lower  halves 
stand  for  the  y  diphthongs.  The  semi-circles  may  be 
made  heavy  or  light  according  as  the  vowel  is  long 
or  short,  although  in  practice  it  is  seldom  necessary 
to  make  this  distinction. 

The  right  semicircle,  representing  ivaw  or  wo,  may 
be  prefixed  to  a  stroke  consonant  when  it  is  conven- 
ient ;  as  in  water,  watcher,  washer. 

The  left  semicircle  is  prefixed  to  downward  I,  and 
the  right  semicircle  to  k,  g,  m,  mp,  to  represent  w 
only;  William,  Wilson;  wake,  wig,  woman,  wampum. 

The  w  sign  is  always  read  first,  therefore  when  a 
vowel  precedes  v)  the  stroke  w  must  be  written,  and 
not  the  w  diphthong  sign ;  awake,  award,  aware. 

SENTENCES. 

William  Zwingle  is  the  youngest  boy  in  the  class 
in  the  Ward  School,  3-et  he  won  the  yearly  premium 
for  best  woodwork. 

As  Zachariah  Young  went  to  gather  seaweed,  he 
met  twelve  Zouaves  a  few  yards  beyond  the  railway 
station. 

The  farmer  sold  twenty  pounds  of  lamb's  wool  to  a 
youth  for  two  new  folio  volumes  of  pictures. 


130 


W    AND    Y    DirilTIIONGS 


W  with  Long  Vowels 
%vah      I    waw 


weh 


<  ) 


woh 


wee    tl-,woo 


W  with  Short  Vowels 


Heavy  Signs 

Long  Vowels 

aw 
-oh 

-00 


wa 


we 


AVI  c 


wo 

'  wu 
?  woo 


wake 

wag 

wax 

walk 

week 

wig 

war 

ward 

warm 

warn 

warp 

woke 


Y  with  Long  Vowels 


ah 
eh 

ee 


yah^ 
yeh  ^ 
vee  V 


yaw 
'^  yoh 
/^yoo 


Light  Signs 


Short  Vowels 


wak 

wag 

waks 

wak 

wek 

■wig 

war 

ward 

warm 

warn 

warp 

wok 


a 
e 
i 


Y  with  Short  Vowels 


O 
-U 
-00 


Examples 


^ 


ye  - 


JO 
-yu 


work  werk 

worm  werm 

'twas  'twoz 

wordy  werde 

thwack  thwak 

twinge  twinj  "^ 

.woman  wuman  >--^' 

zouave  zwav    ^ 

twenty  twenti  Li^ 

alien  alyen   C^ 

folio  folyo   ky^ 

yearly  yerle    "y^ 


121 


Ith  and  Thee  Words 


To  be 

written  in 

Shorthand 

Initial  Ith  or 

tk  soft 

thank 

thieve 

thin 

thought 

thwack 

thatch 

theft 

think 

thud 

thwart 

thaw 

thick 

thing 

thug 

thesis 

thief 

thigh 

thong 

thumb 

theses 

theme 

thill 

thorn 

thump 

thistle 

Final  1th  or 

th  soft 

faith 

teeth 

length 

width 

cloth 

wraith 

sheath 

earth 

fifth 

broth 

eighth 

wreath 

dearth 

filth 

froth 

hath 

death 

berth 

tilth 

ti'oth 

hearth 

saith 

birth 

plinth 

ruth 

wroth 

breath 

girth 

sixth 

booth 

swath 

health 

mirth 

oath 

tooth 

north 

wealth 

worth 

both 

truth 

swarth 

breadth 

ninth 

loath 

youth 

warmth 

stealth 

kith 

sloth 

sleuth 

bath 

tenth 

myth 

(juoth 

doth 

lath 

seventh 

pitli 

growth 

month 

path 

depth 

frith 

forth 

mouth 

wrath 

twelfth 

smith 

fourth 

south 

heath 

strength 

withe 
122 

moth 

drouth 

Initial  Thee  or 

th  hard 

they 

the 

then 

thine 

those 

than 

thee 

thence 

this 

thus 

that 

them 

thy 

though 

thou 

Final  Thee  or 

th  hard 

bathe 

swathe 

teethe 

scythe 

clothe 

hithe 

sheathe 

lithe 

writhe 

soothe 

scathe 

breathe 

tithe 

with 

smoothe 

spathe 

wreathe 

blithe 
Ther  (th  ; 

loathe 
soft) 

mouth 

third 

thread 

thrift 

throb 

thrust 

thirst 

threat 

throe 

throng 

anther 

thirty 

thresh 

thi'ow 

threw 

author 

thrash 

thrice 

throne 

through 

ether 

thrall 

thrive 

throat 

thrum 

heather 

three 

thrill 

throve 
Ther  (th  1] 

thrush 
lard) 

panthei" 

their 

bather 

farther 

leather 

weather 

there 

bother 

gather 

other 

wither 

theirs 

brother 

hither 

rather 

whether 

thereby 

eithei" 

lather 

tither 

whither 

Sentence    for  SnouTHAND 
They  thought  that  the  thieves  then    thrust   those 
thirty-three  thistles  through  the  thin  thatch  thereby 
to  thwart  the  throng. 

123 


DISSYLLABIC    DIPHTHONGS. 

Diphthong,  according  to  the  dictionaries,  signifies 
the  union  of  two  vowel  sounds  in  one  syllable,  as  ou 
in  out.  Diphthongs  are  called  proper,  if  both  vowels 
are  sounded;  improper,  when  only  one  is  vocalized. 

In  Shorthand  the  word  is  used  somewhat  different- 
ly. The  silent  letter  of  an  improper  diphthong  is 
disregarded,  and  the  remaining  vowel  is  treated  as  a 
simple  vowel:  thus,  only  o  of  the  oa  in  boat  is  recog- 
nized and  represented  by  an  appropriate  sign. 

The  name,  diphthong,  is  reserved  to  distinguish 
the  four  doul)le  vowel  sounds,  i,  ou\.  oi,  and  w  (i  and 
u  standing  for  ei  and  iu  respectively)  These  four 
diphthongs  are  called  monosyllabic  or  one-syllabled 
diphtliongs,  l)ecause  they  are  uttered  in  one  syllable. 

In  some  words,  a  long  vowel  is  followed  by  a  short 
vowel,  which  is  sounded  but  not  accented,  as:  ea  in 
real;  oc  in  poet;  id  in  fluid.  Such  vowel  combina- 
tions are  known  in  Shorthand  as  dissyllabic  or  two- 
syllabled  diphthongs.  They  are  represented  by  two 
small  angles- — one  open  above  to  the  right,  the  other 
open  downward  to  the  left.  These  signs  are  written 
in  the  places  of  the  heavy  dot  and  dash  vowels,  and 
•may  be  used  for  any  long  vowel,  followed  by  any 
imaccented  short  vowel. 

When  the  short  vowel  is  accented,  as  in  lion,  piazza, 
poetic,  dewy,  the  dissyllabic  diphthong  must  not  be 
used.  A  sign  of  the  yah  series  may  be  employed,  or 
the  separate  vowels  must  be  written; — as  in  the  ex- 
amples given  on  the  next  page. 

12-1 


The  Dissyllabic  DipnTnoNGs 


ah 


T 

ic  ISix  Loiiij  Vowels 

• 

• 

«■ 

eh 

ee 

•      aw 

oh 

00 

ah-i 


^ 


Dissyllabic  Diphthongs 

V 


eh-i 


^ 


ee-i 


^   aw-i 


oh-i 


^ 


oo-i 


^ 


>-f 


Examples 

(ah-i)  deity     |       (oo-i) 

soltaist^6    ^=3     seer  fluid 

solfaing'6L^__^     real  ^(       jewel 

(eh-i) museum 

gayety  n.      (aw-i) 

laity  r^  \ .      flawy  ^ 
clayey  c___  drawer  i^ 
mayor  "^^^"^(oh-i) 
sayest    J      shower 
payer  ^^^    stoics 
clayish      ^     poets 
payable  \      poetry 
(ee-i)  blower 

theoiy 


Si 


^<3ruel 
gruel 
ruins 
doing 
wooer 
shoer 


^ 


(yah) 

lazier  ^    "^ 
pianos 


^' 


^  ^  gluey 


reality 
meteor 
lineal- 
ly ^period  V<^ 
sep.  vow.) 
drawee     '  • 
bower 


.-/ 


.•7 


snowy  <^_^ 
ideals   f'^^  mowers  ""^^^"^ 


Lewis 

cruet 

druid 

bluish 

truant 


('^      poetic 

^1        trial  T 
U      piety      ^_ 

Lj;    diadem  1^ 


125 


COXSOX  A  X  T    S I  TiSTT'l'I ' TES 

TlitTL'  aru  no  .■-ubslitiitef?  for  b,  i],  g,  \\, 


(0 

gh  in  laugh 
ph  in  splioro 

(i) 

g  in  gem 
ge  in   surgeon 
gi  in  region 
de  in  grandeur 
dg  in  edge 
di  in  soldier 
d\i  in  verdure 
ch  in  spinaeh 

(k) 
c  in  candy 
ch  in  chord 
cu  in  hiscuit 
gh  in  hough 
qu  in  conquer 
que  in  oblique 
eque  in  saeque 
quet  in  liouquet 

c  in  cent 

sc  in  scene 

sell  in  schism 

ps  in  psalm 


(t) 

d  in  forced  g 

til   in  thyme  s 

plith  in  phthisic  si 
(v) 

f  in  of  zi 
ph  in  Stephen 

(y)  f^P 

i  in  onion  che 

ia  in  valiant  ci 

(z)  ci 

c  in  suffice  ci 

s  in  is  ch 

X  in  Xerxes  chs 

cz  in  czar  psh 

tz  in  tzar  s 

(ng)  sch 

n  in  ink  sci 

n  in  conch  se 

n  in  anger  si 

ngue  in  tongue  ss 

(ch)  ssi 

te  in  righteous  ti 

ti  in  fustian  ti 

tu  in  mixture  ti 

teh  in  match  xi 

12G 


I,  m,  n,  p,  r, 

(zh) 
in  rouge 
in  treasure 
in  fusion 
in  azure 
in  glazier 


(sh) 


m  ocean 
in  luncheon 
in  social 
in  gracious 
in  ancient 
in  chaise 
in  fuchsia 
in  pshaw 
in  sugar 
in  schist 
in  conscious 
in  nauseous 
in  pension 
in  issue 
in  passion 
in  martial 
in  nation 
in  cautious 
in  noxious 


ABOUT   SHORTHAND  AND   TYPK\'/RITING , 


X ^ 


4 


.-A 


^ 


\ 


_. I 


c   -r  - 


J 


.2<v_ 


.O- 


^ 


_L-1. 


i^ 


J^ 


^V^ 


(>r  "^  .  . 


N^ 


U^ 


^ 


-^}— ^ 


-^  r. 


■^ 


fl 


Ji^ 


Jl_ 


\^ 


^ 


/ 


^ 


Jk. 


V 


^_ 


J? 


13^ 
^ 


J) 


::> c 


j^ 


ri 


J? 


--4 


-    «^-  I-  > 


V. 


L 


U^ 


^ 


.o- 


^  .    c    r  — 


/ 


.Q.5, 


r 


_L 


A- 


■?■  ^ 


.IL 


-3- 


.^-^ 


/7 


j^ 


> 


'^ 


L^ 


O- 


-    <\'   ^    \ 


1^1. 


^     X 


/ 


^ 


'  'W 


^ 


"^ 


^.  -    \    ^    U 


:::z 


y- 


V. 


'^     r- 


_!i ^- 


L 


f     /  !■ 


i; 


n 


<■ o 


N^ 


r^. 


^    ^ 


-    ~r 


^ 


^ 


J) 


C 


:^a 


^ 


.  /  -o- 


^-^=--4- 


^r-i)     ^ 


137 


Write  the  following  Proverbs  and  Quotations,  care- 
fully, accurately  and  in  your  very  best  style  of  short- 
hand; show  them  to  your  teacher  and  when  correct, 
practice  writing  them  often  for  speed. 

rROVERBS  AND  QUOTATIONS. 

Every  good  might  be  better; 

Every  better  might  be  best. 
Rome  was  not  built  in  a  day. 
A  bird  in  the  hand  is  worth  two  in  the  bush. 

THE  GLADNESS  OF  NATURE. 

There's  a  dance  of  leaves  in  that  aspen  bower; 
There's  a  titter  of  winds  in  that  beechen  tree; 
There's  a  smile  on  the  fruit  and  a  smile  on  the  flower. 
And  a  laugh  from  the  brook  that  runs  to  the  sea. 

— Bryant. 

SONGS  OF  FREEDOM. 

Let  music  swell  the  breeze. 
And  ring  from  all  the  trees, 

Sweet  freedom's  song; 
Let  mortal  tongues  awake, 
Let  all  that  breathe  partake. 
Let  rocks  their  silence  break — 

The  sound  prolong. 

— S.  F.  Smith. 

Then  conquer  we  must,  when  our  cause  it  is  Just, 
And  this  be  our  motto — "In  God  is  our  trust" ; 
And  the  Star-spangled  Banner  in  triumph  shall  wave, 
O'er  the  land  of  the  free,  and  the  home  of  the  brave. 

— Francis  Key. 
138 


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